遗传多样性是物种生存与进化的物质基础,开展鱼类遗传多样性研究可以为遗传育种和种质资源保护提供重要参考(Ward, 2000)。动物线粒体属于母系遗传,无遗传物质的重组,且其进化速度比核基因快,较少的样本就可较好地反映该种群的遗传结构,是动物遗传多样性研究中理想的分子标记(Xu et al, 2014)。而且,动物线粒体的COⅠ序列具有一定的进化变异,可以较好地反映同种生物的不同群体间的遗传差异,除了被广泛应用于DNA条形码的研究中,也适用于遗传多样性的分析研究(柳淑芳等, 2016; Chang et al, 2016; Xu et al, 2012; 李大命等, 2017)。
前鳞
为了研究中国前鳞
运用MEGA 7.0(Kumar et al, 2016)对测序峰图进行人工校对,并计算碱基组成、颠换率。通过DnaSP 5.10计算单倍型数、单倍型多样性(Hd)、核苷酸多样性(π) (Librado et al, 2009)。使用Network (Bandelt et al, 1999)分析单倍型的分布情况,通过Arlequin 3.5进行AMOVA分析、核苷酸错配分析、Tajima's D和Fu's Fs中性检验,计算群组间的Fst值、SSD值、Rg值、τ值等参数(Excoffier et al, 2010)。运用SAMOVA 2.0进行空间分子变异分析。根据公式[T=(τ/2μk)×代时]计算种群扩张时间,其中,τ、μ、k、T依次代表种群扩张时间参数、序列的变异速率[线粒体COⅠ基因进化速率为(1%~3%)/百万年(Wang et al, 2013)]、序列长度以及种群扩张时间(Rogers et al, 1992)。
为了方便比较分布在不同地理位置的前鳞
在全长为712 bp的序列中,没有发现碱基的插入和缺失,碱基A、T、C和G的含量分别为23.5%、29.4%、28.8%和18.3%,A+T含量(52.9%)略高于C+G含量(47.1%),与其他硬骨鱼类COⅠ序列碱基组成特征基本一致。其中,共有18个多态位点、6个简约信息位点,颠换与转换的比值为4.7,表明序列的突变尚未达到饱和,适合进行系统发育分析(Kumar, 2005)。此外,还发现21个单倍型,总体遗传多样性偏低(Hd=0.4840±0.0700,π=0.0010±0.0002),其中,洞头群体最高,岱山群体最低,东海群体的遗传多样性高于南海群体,具体的遗传多样性情况见表 1。
单倍型最大简约性网络图(图 1)呈现星状结构,其中,Hap1的数量最多(59),由全部群体共享。Hap3的数量为3,由东兴群体与平潭群体共享。Hap11的数量为2,由平潭群体与洞头群体共享,其余均为各个群体特有的单倍型。也就是说,不同地理来源的个体相互聚集分布,不同的地区中存在相同的单倍型,表明前鳞
在AMOVA分析(表 2)中,按照上文的群体划分进行分析:东兴、平潭、闸坡、广东、洞头等5个群体间的Fst=-0.0221~0.0141(P > 0.05),组间的遗传变异比例达-0.26%。东海群体与南海群体间的Fst= 0.0020 (P > 0.05),组间的遗传变异比例达0.46%。东兴、广东、东海3个群体间的Fst= -0.0159~0.0141 (P > 0.05),组间的遗传变异比例为-0.6%。上述各类划分中,群体间的Fst值皆小于0.05,均表现出不显著水平(P > 0.05),且组间的遗传变异比例均属于极低水平,表明中国前鳞
中性检验的分析结果(表 3)如下:Tajima's D方面,洞头、平潭、广东、东兴4个群体均为显著性负值,其余为非显著性负值。Fu's Fs方面,洞头、广东、东兴3个群体均呈显著性负值,总体也是显著性负值(FS=-20.3900,P=0)。Ramos-Onsins & Rozas's R2检验的分析显示(表 3):R2的范围是0.1610~0.1620 (P < 0.05),SSD值(0.0010~0.0220)和Rg值(0.0500~ 0.7200)均较小,且多数呈不显著性(P > 0.05),表明中国前鳞
某物种的遗传多样性丰富与否和该物种所反映的单倍型多样性(Hd)及核苷酸多样性(π)密切相关(Bonin et al, 2010)。该研究中,中国前鳞
该研究中AMOVA分析所得的组间变异比例(–0.6%~0.46%)与许则滩(2015)对浙江沿岸前鳞
鱼类作为水生生态系统的高级消费者,处于食物链的较高位置,是生态系统中物质循环、能量流动的重要参与者,与水生环境有着密切的联系,故各种水体污染和不适当的人类活动都可能对鱼类的生存产生不利的影响。而正常的生态系统功能的维持,需要制定相关的种质资源保护方案。仅就该研究中,中国前鳞
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