渔业科学进展  2022, Vol. 43 Issue (3): 95-102  DOI: 10.19663/j.issn2095-9869.20210407002
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引用本文 

周建聪, 蔡利, 杨静茹, 林先鑫, 顾志峰, 石耀华, 刘春胜. 温度和氨氮对不同规格红螯螯虾耗氧率与排氨率的影响[J]. 渔业科学进展, 2022, 43(3): 95-102. DOI: 10.19663/j.issn2095-9869.20210407002.
ZHOU Jiancong, CAI Li, YANG Jingru, LIN Xianxin, GU Zhifeng, SHI Yaohua, LIU Chunsheng. Effects of Temperature and Ammonia on Oxygen Consumption and Ammonia Excretion Rates of Cherax quadricarinatus with Different Sizes[J]. Progress in Fishery Sciences, 2022, 43(3): 95-102. DOI: 10.19663/j.issn2095-9869.20210407002.

基金项目

国家重点研发计划项目(2018YFD0900704)和院士团队创新中心项目(HD-YSZX-202011)共同资助

作者简介

周建聪,E-mail: zhoujcgreat@163.com

通讯作者

石耀华,教授,E-mail: stone70@126.com
刘春胜,副教授,E-mail: lcs5113@163.com

文章历史

收稿日期:2021-04-07
收修改稿日期:2021-04-18
温度和氨氮对不同规格红螯螯虾耗氧率与排氨率的影响
周建聪 1, 蔡利 1, 杨静茹 1, 林先鑫 1, 顾志峰 1,2, 石耀华 1, 刘春胜 1,2     
1. 海南大学海洋学院 海南 海口 507228;
2. 海南大学南海海洋资源利用国家重点实验室 海南 海口 507228
摘要:为了揭示温度和氨氮浓度对红螯螯虾(Cherax quadricarinatus)耗氧率(RO)与排氨率(RN)的影响,采用单因素实验设计和密闭流水法分析了不同温度和氨氮浓度条件下,3种规格红螯螯虾(小规格为S组、中规格为M组和大规格为L组) RORN的变化规律。结果显示,温度对红螯螯虾RORN影响显著(P < 0.05),在温度为15℃~35℃时,RO随温度升高而增加,35℃时,红螯螯虾的RO达到最大值; 其中,S组的RO为0.777 mg/(g·h),显著大于其他2个组(P < 0.05)。红螯螯虾RN随温度升高呈先上升后下降的趋势,30℃时达到最大值; 其中,S组的RN为0.061 mg/(g·h),显著大于其他2个组(P < 0.05)。温度对红螯螯虾的氧氮比(O/N)值有显著影响(P < 0.05)。氨氮浓度对红螯螯虾的RORN影响显著(P < 0.05),在氨氮浓度为0~16 mg/L时,二者均随氨氮浓度的上升呈先上升后下降的趋势; 当氨氮浓度为8 mg/L时,红螯螯虾的RO达到最大值,S、M和L组RO值分别为0.663、0.332和0.195 mg/(g·h); 当氨氮浓度为12 mg/L时,RN达到最大值,S、M和L组RN值分别为0.123、0.049和0.034 mg/(g·h),且显著高于其他处理组(P < 0.05)。氨氮浓度对3种规格红螯螯虾的O/N值均有显著影响(P < 0.05)。不同温度条件下,红螯螯虾RORNQ10变化范围分别为1.102~3.361和0.346~3.417,且分别在25℃~30℃和30℃~35℃时达到最小。
关键词红螯螯虾    温度    氨氮    耗氧率    排氨率    
Effects of Temperature and Ammonia on Oxygen Consumption and Ammonia Excretion Rates of Cherax quadricarinatus with Different Sizes
ZHOU Jiancong 1, CAI Li 1, YANG Jingru 1, LIN Xianxin 1, GU Zhifeng 1,2, SHI Yaohua 1, LIU Chunsheng 1,2     
1. Ocean College, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan 507228, China;
2. State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan 507228, China
Abstract: To determine the influence of temperature and ammonia on the oxygen consumption rate and ammonia excretion rate of the red claw crayfish (Cherax quadricarinatus), a single factor experimental design and closed flow method were used to analyze the influence of temperature and ammonia concentration on the oxygen consumption and ammonia excretion rates of crayfish of three sizes (S, M, and L representing small, medium, and large crayfish, respectively). The results were as follows. Temperature had significant effects on the oxygen consumption and ammonia excretion rates of crayfish. The oxygen consumption rate increased with the increase in temperature (15℃~35℃), and at 35℃, the oxygen consumption rate reached the maximum, wherein the rate of the S group was 0.777 mg/(g·h), significantly higher than that of the other two size classes. The ammonia excretion rate of the crayfish increased first and then decreased with increasing temperature, and reached a maximum at 30℃; among the size classes, the ammonia excretion rate of the S group was 0.061 mg/(g·h) and was significantly higher than the other two sizes. Temperature had a significant effect on the oxygen/nitrogen ratio of the crayfish. 2 The level of ammonia significantly affected the oxygen consumption and ammonia excretion rates of the crayfish. The oxygen consumption and ammonia excretion rates increased with an increase in the ammonia concentration, and then decreased. The oxygen consumption rate reached a maximum at an ammonia concentration of 8 mg/L, which was 0.663, 0.332, and 0.195 mg/(g·h) in the S, M, and L groups, respectively, whereas the ammonia excretion rate reached a maximum at an ammonia concentration of 12 mg/L, which was 0.123, 0.049, and 0.034 mg/(g·h) in the S, M, and L groups, respectively, and was significantly higher than those of the other groups. Furthermore, the ammonia concentration had a significant effect on the oxygen/nitrogen ratio of the crayfish. The Q10 values for the oxygen consumption and ammonia excretion rates ranged from 1.102~3.361 and 0.346~3.417, and at the minimum values were at 25℃~30℃ and 30℃~35℃, respectively.
Key words: Cherax quadricarinatus    Temperature    Ammonia    Oxygen consumption rate    Ammonia excretion rate    

呼吸排泄是水产动物新陈代谢的基本生理活动之一,亦是水产动物能量学研究的重要组成部分(栗志民等, 2010; 刘建勇等, 2019)。在各代谢参数中,氨氮(NH4+-N)与氧代谢水平是测量呼吸排泄的2个重要指标,可以有效地反映水产动物的代谢规律和生存状况(宋协法等, 2017; 刘春胜等, 2018)。

红螯螯虾(Cherax quadricarinatus)俗称澳洲淡水龙虾,原产自澳大利亚,体型大,肉质鲜美,是经济价值较高的优良品种(Jones et al, 1994; 郑玉珍等, 2000; Vanzquez et al, 2007)。近年来,红螯螯虾养殖规模在我国广东、江苏和海南等南方各省逐年增加,年产量已达3000 t (Yuan et al, 2019; 彭刚等, 2020)。在红螯螯虾养殖过程中,经常会出现温度变化以及过量投饵导致的养殖水体氨氮浓度变化等实际问题,严重影响红螯螯虾生产活动(Liane et al, 20112015)。Cui等(1988)闫茂仓等(2007)李加儿等(2014)王治平等(2021)研究表明,水产动物生长代谢不仅受自身因素如遗传、个体大小等的影响,还与水温、氨氮水平、盐度等外部环境因素密切相关。目前,国内外已有许多关于虾类[锦绣龙虾(Panulirus ornatus)、秀丽白虾(Exopalaemon modestus)和凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus Vannamei)]、贝类和鱼类等水生动物呼吸代谢相关的研究(宋协法等, 2009; 刘凯等, 2010; Giacomin et al, 2019; 罗嘉俊等, 2020)。而对于红螯螯虾的研究主要集中于繁育、养成和饲料方面(Liu et al, 2020; Lu et al, 2020; 徐文倩等, 2020),在呼吸排泄方面鲜有报道。本实验采用密闭流水法,研究温度和氨氮浓度对不同规格红螯螯虾耗氧率(Oxygen consumption rate, RO)和排氨率(Ammonia remoral rate, RN)的影响,旨在分析红螯螯虾呼吸代谢的规律,为红螯螯虾的养殖技术改良提供数据参考。

1 材料与方法 1.1 实验材料

红螯螯虾取自海南省澄迈县四泰养殖场,选取健康无病害的个体,暂养于海南大学海洋学院实验室养殖系统内。暂养期间,每天早晚投饵2次,投饵后2 h换水1/2。养殖水体水温为(30.0±0.5)℃,pH为7.81±0.18,溶解氧(DO)为(7.09±0.28) mg/L。3种规格红螯螯虾体长和体重见表 1

表 1 红螯螯虾生物学数据 Tab.1 Biological characteristics of C. quadricarinatus
1.2 实验方法 1.2.1 温度对不同规格红螯螯虾RORN的影响

设置15℃、20℃、25℃、30℃和35℃共5个温度梯度。实验初始水温为(30.0±0.5)℃。各温度组采用冰袋和加热棒调节红螯螯虾暂养水温,每12 h升降温度1℃,达到设定水温,待红螯螯虾适应2 d后再进行RORN测定。实验前停食24 h。

1.2.2 氨氮浓度对不同规格红螯螯虾RORN的影响

氨氮浓度设置0、4、8、12和16 mg/L共5个水平,并通过在水中加入纯化NH4Cl配制而成; 每12 h升高1 mg/L,达到设定氨氮浓度,红螯螯虾适应2 d后再进行实验。实验前停食24 h。

1.3 RORN的测定

本研究中,RO采用Loligo systems水生生物呼吸仪测定。将待测红螯螯虾及相应水温/氨氮浓度的水体转移至密闭呼吸器中(内腔体积为1.6 L); 另设一组呼吸器作为对照组,其内部充满相同水温和氨氮浓度的淡水,不放置红螯螯虾。呼吸仪运行1.5 h,期间水流速度为5 L/min,自动实时检测水体DO。实验开始时与结束后分别采集50 mL水体,用于氨氮浓度的测定。根据预实验结果,每个呼吸器分别放置小、中和大规格红螯螯虾为5只、2只和1只。水体中氨氮浓度使用DeChem-Tech(德国)全自动化学分析仪测定,方法参照国标法(GB7148-81)。

1.4 指标计算

RORN、氧氮比(O/N)值和温度系数(Q10)计算公式:

$ R_{\mathrm{O}}=\left[\left(\mathrm{DO}_{0}-\mathrm{DO}_{t}\right) \times V\right] /(W \times t) $ (1)
$ R_{\mathrm{N}}=\left[\left(N_{t}-N_{\mathit{0}}\right) \times V\right] /(W \times t) $ (2)
$ \mathrm{O} / \mathrm{N}=R_{\mathrm{O}} / R_{\mathrm{N}} $ (3)

式中,RORN分别为单位体重耗氧率和排氨率[mg/(g·h)],DO0和DOt分别为实验开始和实验结束后水中的DO含量(mg/L),V为呼吸器中水的体积(L),W为红螯螯虾重量(g),t为实验持续时间(h),N0Nt分别为实验开始和实验结束后水中总氨氮浓度(mg/L)。

温度系数公式:

$ Q_{10}=\left(R_{2} / R_{1}\right)^{10 /\left(T_{2}-T_{1}\right)} $ (4)

式中,R1R2分别为实验温度T1T2时红螯螯虾的RORN[mg/(g·h)]。

1.5 数据分析

实验数据采用平均值±标准差(Mean±SD)表示,采用SPSS 23.0软件进行单因素方差(one-way ANOVA)分析,P < 0.05为显著差异。

2 结果 2.1 温度对不同规格红螯螯虾RORN和O: N值的影响

表 2可以看出,温度对不同规格红螯螯虾RO影响显著(P < 0.05)。在温度为15℃~35℃时,随着温度的增加,红螯螯虾各组RO均呈上升的趋势,且在35℃时达到最高。在相同温度时,S组红螯螯虾RO显著高于M和L组(P < 0.05)。温度对不同规格红螯螯虾RN亦有显著影响(P < 0.05),均随温度增加呈先上升后下降的趋势。在温度为30℃时,3种规格红螯螯虾RN均达到最高值,S、M和L组红螯螯虾的RN分别为0.061、0.034和0.018 mg/(g·h),且各组相比差异显著(P < 0.05)。

表 2 温度对不同规格红螯螯虾RORN的影响 Tab.2 Effects of temperature on the oxygen consumption and ammonia excretion rates in C. quadricarinatus

温度对不同规格红螯螯虾O/N值的影响见表 3。从表 3可以看出,在温度为15℃~35℃条件下,红螯螯虾的O: N值为8.636~20.899。同一规格红螯螯虾在不同温度时,O: N值呈先下降后升高的趋势,且各温度条件下,O: N值存在显著性差异(P < 0.05)。在温度为20℃时,L组红螯螯虾O/N值最高,为20.830,显著高于其他2个组(P < 0.05),其他温度不同规格红螯螯虾O: N值相比均无显著差异(P > 0.05)。

表 3 不同规格红螯螯虾在不同温度下的氧氮比 Tab.3 O/N rations of different size C. quadricarinatus under different temperature levels
2.2 氨氮浓度对不同规格红螯螯虾RORN和O: N值的影响

表 4可以看出,氨氮浓度对不同规格红螯螯虾RO影响显著(P < 0.05)。在氨氮浓度为0~16 mg/L时,随着氨氮浓度的上升,各组均呈先上升后下降的趋势,且在氨氮浓度为8 mg/L达到最高。在相同氨氮浓度条件下,S组红螯螯虾RO显著高于与M和L组(P < 0.05)。氨氮浓度对不同规格红螯螯虾RN亦有显著影响(P < 0.05),均随氨氮浓度的升高呈先上升后下降的趋势。在氨氮浓度为12 mg/L时,3种规格红螯螯虾RN均达到最高值。在该氨氮浓度条件下,S、M和L组红螯螯虾的RN分别为0.123、0.049和0.034 mg/g·h,且各规格间相比差异显著(P < 0.05)。

表 4 氨氮浓度对不同规格红螯螯虾RORN的影响 Tab.4 Effect of ammonia on the oxygen consumption and ammonia excretion rates in C. quadricarinatus

氨氮浓度对不同规格红螯螯虾O: N值的影响见表 5。从表 5可以看出,在氨氮浓度为0~16 mg/L时,红螯螯虾的O: N值为3.729~9.442。同一规格红螯螯虾在不同氨氮浓度条件下,O: N值呈先下降后升高的趋势,且各组相比差异显著(P < 0.05)。在氨氮浓度为0~8 mg/L时,不同规格红螯螯虾O: N值相比无显著差异(P > 0.05),其他浓度组相比差异显著(P < 0.05)。

表 5 不同规格红螯螯虾在不同氨氮浓度下的氧氮比(O: N) Tab.5 O: N rations of different size C. quadricarinatus under different ammonia concentrations
2.3 温度对不同规格红螯螯虾Q10值的影响

表 6可以看出,在实验温度为15℃~35℃时,红螯螯虾ROQ10值为1.102~3.361,平均为1.820。S组红螯螯虾ROQ10值呈先上升后下降的趋势,M和L组均呈先下降后上升的趋势。红螯螯虾RNQ10值为0.346~3.417,平均值为1.819。3种规格RNQ10值在30℃~35℃时均达到最低。

表 6 不同温度下红螯螯虾RORNQ10 Tab.6 Q10 values of oxygen consumption and ammonia excretion rates underdifferent temperature levels in C. quadricarinatus
3 讨论 3.1 温度对红螯螯虾RORN的影响

温度是影响水生经济动物生长代谢的重要环境因子。众多研究表明,在适宜温度时,水生动物RORN随温度的升高而增加(王冲等, 2018)。锦绣龙虾、凡纳滨对虾等虾类均符合这一规律(宋协法等, 2009; 罗嘉俊等, 2020),其他水生经济动物如钝吻黄盖鲽(Pseudopleuronectes yokohamae)幼鱼、九孔鲍(Haliotis diversicolor)等也是如此(崔前进等, 2018; 王崇懿等, 2020)。本研究结果显示,在温度为15℃~35℃时,红螯螯虾RO随温度升高而增加; RN在15℃~30℃范围内不断增加,在35℃时逐渐下降。红螯螯虾的最适生长水温为24℃~32℃(石顺芳等, 2020),高于32℃会对其排泄产生一定的抑制作用,进而使RN降低。Q10是反映温度对水生生物代谢影响的指标,本研究中,在温度为25℃~30℃时,3种规格红螯螯虾ROQ10值均最小,说明当温度适宜时,其对红螯螯虾呼吸影响不大(邢道超等, 2017)。而在该温度范围内,S组红螯螯虾RNQ10值最大,其他2个组RNQ10值在其他温度时最高,说明较大规格的红螯螯虾更能适应温度的变化。

3.2 氨氮浓度对红螯螯虾RORN的影响

严银龙等(2019)孙明龙等(2020)时嘉赓等(2020)研究表明,水产动物RN不仅与饵料、温度和盐度等密切相关,亦受水体中氨氮浓度的影响。当水体环境中氨氮浓度过高时,会导致水生动物代谢紊乱、组织结构受损甚至死亡,如棘胸蛙(Paa spinosa)蝌蚪在氨氮浓度超过14.70 mg/L后,其皮肤供氧效率将会下降; 大口黑鲈(Micropterus salmoides)在氨氮浓度超过4.31 mg/L后出现呼吸抑制(姜令绪等, 2004; 曾庆婷等, 2016; 牛春格等, 2019; 杨斯琪等, 2019; 孟振等, 2020)。因此,有必要通过探究红螯螯虾在不同氨氮浓度条件下呼吸代谢来确定其最佳氨氮耐受范围。在实验浓度范围内,红螯螯虾的RO呈先上升后下降的趋势,并在浓度超过12 mg/L时达到最高,这一研究结果与潘训彬等(2017)研究结果类似。这是因为当水中氨氮浓度上升时,水中的氨会通过红螯螯虾的鳃进入其体内,造成血氨积累,进而改变了红螯螯虾代谢模式,促进其排氨; 而当水中非离子氨浓度继续升高至一定阙值时,又会影响其鳃的排氨,同时,也抑制呼吸代谢(冼健安等, 2014; 邹李昶等, 2015)。

3.3 温度、氨氮浓度对红螯螯虾O: N值的影响

O: N值是研究水产动物生长代谢的一个重要参数,其大小表示该生物体内蛋白质与脂肪、碳水化合物分解代谢的比率(Torres et al, 2002; Zheng et al, 2008; 王鹏帅等, 2017; 聂鸿涛等, 2017)。当O: N值较小(约为7时)时,表明该生物体内主要以蛋白质代谢为主,而O: N值为24时,则表明该生物体内主要以脂肪和蛋白质混合代谢为主。在温度为15℃~35℃时,红螯螯虾的O: N值为8.636~20.899,说明在该温度范围内,其代谢的能量主要由蛋白质和脂肪提供(胡发文等, 2021)。而在氨氮浓度为0~8 mg/L内,红螯螯虾的O: N值为7.614~9.442,表明此时红螯螯虾代谢仍通过脂肪和蛋白质供能,但蛋白质利用比例较高; 当氨氮浓度为8~16 mg/L时,红螯螯虾的O: N值为3.729~6.957,此时,红螯螯虾代谢则以蛋白质供能为主(刘鹏远等, 2020; 霍恩泽等,2021)。

综上所述,温度和氨氮浓度对不同规格红螯螯虾的RORN均影响显著。在养殖过程中,S组红螯螯虾最适生长温度为25℃~30℃; 相较于S组个体,M和L组红螯螯虾耐高温能力更强,但也不宜超过35℃。本实验条件下,红螯螯虾的氨氮耐受浓度为8~12 mg/L。在红螯螯虾养殖中,应该严格控制水温变化,并且做好日常水质监测,避免因水体中氨氮浓度过高而影响其生长代谢。

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