渔业科学进展  2023, Vol. 44 Issue (5): 45-55  DOI: 10.19663/j.issn2095-9869.20230110004
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引用本文 

丁志荣, 陈芳, 张关荣, 许健照, 关俊锋, 麻永财, 谢帝芝, 李远友. 卵形鲳鲹高效低鱼粉配合饲料在深海网箱养殖中的应用效果评估[J]. 渔业科学进展, 2023, 44(5): 45-55. DOI: 10.19663/j.issn2095-9869.20230110004.
DING Zhirong, CHEN Fang, ZHANG Guanrong, XU Jianzhao, GUAN Junfeng, MA Yongcai, XIE Dizhi, LI Yuanyou. Evaluation of High Efficiency and Low Fish Meal Diets for Golden Pompano (Trachinotus ovatus) in Deep-Sea Cage Culture[J]. Progress in Fishery Sciences, 2023, 44(5): 45-55. DOI: 10.19663/j.issn2095-9869.20230110004.

基金项目

财政部和农业农村部: 国家现代农业产业技术体系资助

作者简介

丁志荣,E-mail: zrding@stu.scau.edu.cn;
陈芳,E-mail: chenfang51@163.com

通讯作者

李远友,教授,E-mail: yyli16@scau.edu.cn

文章历史

收稿日期:2023-01-10
收修改稿日期:2023-03-06
卵形鲳鲹高效低鱼粉配合饲料在深海网箱养殖中的应用效果评估
丁志荣 #, 陈芳 #, 张关荣 , 许健照 , 关俊锋 , 麻永财 , 谢帝芝 , 李远友     
华南农业大学海洋学院 广东 广州 510642
摘要:前期研究表明,卵形鲳鲹(Trachinotus ovatus)高效低鱼粉配合饲料在池塘网箱养殖中展现出优良效果。为进一步评估该饲料在深海网箱养殖中的应用效果,本研究基于该饲料配方,委托某饲料公司采用大规模生产工艺(基于饲料厂大机器、大规模生产条件下进行饲料生产,每小时生产量达十多吨,且具有喷油机等设备,通过外喷添加脂肪源)生产实验饲料(粗蛋白47.66%,粗脂肪7.98%),以某知名品牌的商品饲料为对照(粗蛋白47.75%,粗脂肪9.63%),利用上述2种饲料,于深海网箱(周长60 m)养殖大规格卵形鲳鲹(平均体重约为262 g) 33 d。结果显示,2种饲料组鱼的生长性能无统计学差异(P > 0.05),然而,相比于商品料组,实验料组鱼的增重率和特定生长率分别提高了14.43%和8.19%,日均增重提高0.68 g;在肌肉营养成分和质构特性方面,实验组鱼肌肉脂肪含量显著高于对照组(P < 0.05),但其水分显著降低(P < 0.05);两组间鱼肌肉品质和质构特性无显著性差异(P > 0.05)。相比于商品料组,实验料组鱼血清总蛋白、甘油三酯、总胆固醇、低密度脂蛋白含量及谷草转氨酶活性均显著降低(P < 0.05),实验组鱼肝脏总胆固醇含量显著降低(P < 0.05),但两组间鱼肝脏抗氧化能力无显著性差异(P > 0.05);此外,实验料每养成1 kg鱼的饲料成本比商品料低18.80%,总养殖效益提高62.12%。研究结果表明,与商品料相比,实验料(卵形鲳鲹高效低鱼粉配合饲料)不仅具有优良的促生长效果,且能够提升肌肉脂肪水平、改善卵形鲳鲹的血脂代谢、提高养殖经济效益。这说明该高效低鱼粉配合饲料可在卵形鲳鲹养殖生产中大规模推广应用。
关键词卵形鲳鲹    高效低鱼粉配合饲料    深海网箱    生长性能    养殖效益    
Evaluation of High Efficiency and Low Fish Meal Diets for Golden Pompano (Trachinotus ovatus) in Deep-Sea Cage Culture
DING Zhirong #, CHEN Fang #, ZHANG Guanrong , XU Jianzhao , GUAN Junfeng , MA Yongcai , XIE Dizhi , LI Yuanyou     
College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
Abstract: Trachinotus ovatus, commonly known as golden pompano, is a euryhaline warm water carnivorous fish. It has the characteristics of fast growth, simple feeding, delicious meat, strong stress resistance, and high survival rate. It can accept compound feed throughout its growth. It is popular among fish breeders and consumers because of its moderate specifications and affordable price. With an annual output of 240 000 tons, it has become one of the most important marine fish breeding species in the southern coastal areas of China. As a marine carnivorous fish, it has specific requirements relating to the levels and sources of dietary protein and fat, and a strong dependence on fish meal and fish oil, which are limited resources with high prices, which also determines its high feed cost. However, compared with other rare sea fish, its price is low and the profit margin of breeding is low (2–4 CNY/kg), thus, easily leading to the loss of breeding enterprises and individual businesses. Therefore, it is necessary to develop efficient and low-cost compound diets and reduce the supplemental level of fish meal oil in diets to solve the bottleneck problem of golden pompano fish breeding. Previous studies have shown that T. ovatus subjected to a high efficiency and low fish meal diet exhibited excellent growth and health in pond cage culture. To further evaluate the application effect of this feed in deep-sea cage culture, an experimental feed (crude protein 47.66%, crude fat 7.98%) based on the formula feed of a low fish meal diet was produced by a feed company with a large-scale production process (feed production using large machinery and mass production in a feed mill with an hourly output that can reach more than 10 t using equipment such as oil sprayer machines, where the fat source is added by spraying). A commercial feed from a well-known brand was used as the control diet (crude protein 47.75%, crude fat 9.63%). Large-sized golden pompano (mean body weight ~262 g) were provided by Yangjiang Haina Fisheries Limited and kept for 2 weeks at the deep-sea cage breeding base in Dasuo Island, Yangjiang (12–20 m depth, about 15 km offshore) to adapt to the test environment. During the temporary feeding period, a well-known commodity was used for feed. Overall, 150 000 healthy large-sized golden pompano with neat specifications (initial body weight ~260 g) were selected and randomly assigned to six deep-sea cages (HDPE C60 floating cages, circumference 60 m, 25 000 fish per cage). Each feed was provided in three parallel cages for 33 days (April 29 to May 31, 2021). During breeding, full food was provided twice a day (07:00 and 17:00). During the experiment, the seawater temperature was 20.00~29.00 ℃. Dissolved oxygen was 6.30~7.80 mg/L. The results showed that the growth performance of fish was not statistically different between the two groups (P > 0.05). However, compared with the control group, the weight gain rate and specific growth rate of fish-fed experimental diets increased by 14.43 % and 8.19 %, respectively, and the average daily weight gain increased by 0.68 g. In terms of muscle nutrition and texture characteristics, the muscle lipid contents of the fish-fed experimental diets were significantly higher than those of fish-fed control diets (P < 0.05), but the muscle moisture content significantly decreased (P < 0.05). The edible quality and texture characteristics of muscle were comparable between the two groups (P > 0.05). Compared with the control group, the serum protein, triglyceride, total cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein contents, as well as the activity of aspartate aminotransferase, of fish fed the experimental diet were significantly decreased (P < 0.05), and the hepatic total cholesterol content of the experimental group was significantly decreased (P < 0.05). There was no significant difference in liver antioxidant capacity between the two groups (P > 0.05). In addition, the feed cost per 1 kg of fish receiving the experimental diet was 18.80% lower than that of fish receiving the control diets, and its culture benefit was increased by 62.12%. The results showed that the experimental diet (high efficiency and low fish meal diet) not only promoted growth, but also improved the muscle fat level and serum lipid metabolism of the fish. These results indicate that the high efficiency and low fish meal diet can be applied in the culture of golden pompano within deep-sea cages. In this study, a high efficiency and low fish meal diet for T. ovatus was developed by using amino acid balance technology and fatty acid precision nutrition technology in deep-sea cage large-scale culture. Through the analysis of growth performance, serum biochemical parameters, liver lipid metabolism, and antioxidant properties, it was found that the growth promoting effect of test material was comparable to that of commercial material, and could improve the muscle quality and liver health of golden pompano. Use of the experimental diet could also reduce the cost of breeding, improve the economic benefits, and result in high economic value. The results indicate that the experimental high efficiency and low fish meal diet for T. ovatus has a good application effect and excellent market development prospects, and also has important practical guiding significance for the large-scale production and application of high efficiency low fish meal compound feed, solving the problem of aquaculture bottleneck and facilitating deep-sea golden pompano culture.
Key words: Trachinotus ovatus    High-efficiency and low fish meal diet    Growth performance    Deep-sea cages    Culture benefit    

卵形鲳鲹(Trachinotus ovatus)俗称金鲳,为广盐暖水肉食性鱼类,具有生长快、食性简单、肉质鲜美、抗逆性强和成活率高等特点。卵形鲳鲹生长全程可接受配合饲料,上市规格适中且价格实惠,广受养殖户和消费者的喜爱。目前,卵形鲳鲹年产量达24万t,已成为我国南方沿海地区重要的海水鱼养殖品种之一(农业农村部渔业渔政管理局等, 2022)。作为海水肉食性鱼类,卵形鲳鲹对饲料蛋白和脂肪水平及来源要求高(Wang et al, 2013; Wang et al, 2020),对资源有限、价格高涨的鱼粉和鱼油的依赖性较强(Ma et al, 2020a; 李远友等, 2019),其饲料成本较高。然而,相比于其他名贵海水鱼,卵形鲳鲹价格较低,养殖利润空间较小,易导致亏损。因此,开发卵形鲳鲹高效低成本配合饲料,降低饲料中鱼粉鱼油添加水平是解决制约卵形鲳鲹养殖业发展“卡脖子”问题的客观需要。

近年来,本课题组基于卵形鲳鲹必需脂肪酸需求特性(n-3 HUFA适宜水平为1.24%~1.73%,DHA/EPA适宜比为1.40)(戚常乐, 2016; 孙卫, 2013),开发出2款复合油产品:液态复合油(复合油)和复合油脂肪粉(脂肪粉)(Xie et al, 2020)。前期研究表明,在实验室小型饲料制备工艺(基于小作坊条件下进行饲料生产,每小时生产的饲料有限,且没有喷油机,通过内加的方式添加脂肪源)条件下,复合油及其脂肪粉饲料的促生长效果较鱼油饲料更优(Xie et al, 2020),说明复合油系列产品可应用于卵形鲳鲹养殖生产中。此外,在满足卵形鲳鲹饲料氨基酸平衡条件下,本课题组以发酵豆粕、肉骨粉等几种陆生动植物蛋白按一定比例组合成复合蛋白所配制的低鱼粉饲料(鱼粉添加量为6%),其促生长和抗氧化性能优于对照组饲料(含30%鱼粉)(Ma et al, 2020b)。基于上述复合油产品和复合蛋白源,成功开发了一种卵形鲳鲹高效低鱼粉配合饲料,在池塘网箱养殖应用中展现优良的促生长效果且具有改善卵形鲳鲹脂质代谢、抗氧化性能、提升肌肉蛋白质和质构特性的作用(郑钧等, 2023)。为进一步验证卵形鲳鲹高效低鱼粉配合饲料在深海网箱中的应用效果,本研究采用饲料公司大规模生产工艺,制备实验饲料。通过与某知名商品料比较,分析该高效低鱼粉配合饲料对深海网箱养殖的卵形鲳鲹的生长性能、抗氧化性能、肌肉品质等方面的影响,以期为卵形鲳鲹高效低鱼粉配合饲料的大规模推广应用提供依据。

1 材料与方法 1.1 实验饲料

本研究的实验料基于本课题组前期所研发的卵形鲳鲹高效低鱼粉配合饲料配方(郑钧等, 2022),并委托某水产饲料公司采用大规模生产工艺所生产;商品料(对照组)为广东某知名饲料公司生产的商品料。实验料和商品料饲料形态均为浮性膨化料。2种饲料的配方和营养成分见表 1。饲料的氨基酸及脂肪酸组成见表 2

表 1 实验饲料配方和营养成分 Tab.1 Formula and nutrient composition of experimental feed
表 2 2种饲料的氨基酸及脂肪酸含量 Tab.2 Contents of amino acids and fatty acids in two feeds
1.2 实验鱼及养殖管理

实验用大规格卵形鲳鲹(~200 g/尾)由广东阳江海纳水产有限公司提供,并于阳江大镬岛深海网箱养殖基地(水深12~20 m,离岸约15 km)暂养2周,以适应实验养殖环境。暂养期间,采用某知名商品料喂食。选用规格整齐、健康的大规格鱼15万尾(初始体质量~260 g),随机分到6个深海网箱(HDPE C60浮式网箱,周长60 m,2.5万尾鱼/网箱)。每种饲料投喂3个平行网箱,为期33 d养殖(2021年4月29日—5月31日)。养殖期间,每天饱食投喂2次(07:00和17:00)。实验期间,海水温度为20.00~29.00 ℃;溶氧为6.30~7.80 mg/L。

1.3 生长性能评价指标及取样

实验开始时,从每个深海网箱中随机捞取30尾鱼,称重后用于计算实验鱼的初始平均体重。养殖实验结束后,停喂24 h。从每个深海网箱中随机捞取30尾鱼,称重后用于计算实验结束时的平均体重,同时估算每个网箱鱼的总重量。从每个网箱中各取2条鱼,置于碎冰上稍麻醉后取血,血液采集后置于预先制好的肝素抗凝管中,经3 000 r/min离心10 min (4 ℃)后,取上层血清。从每个网箱中各取3尾鱼,采集其肌肉和肝脏用于营养成分和抗氧化性能指标的测定。所有样品经液氮速冻后,保存于−80 ℃冰箱。此外,再从每个网箱取2尾鱼,用于肌肉质构特性的测定。

生长性能相关指标计算公式:

$ \text{增重率(weight gain rate, WGR, %)}= (W_{f}−W_{i})/W_{i}× 100\% $
$ \text{日增重(average daily gain, ADG, g/d)}=(W_{f}−W_{i})/t $
$ \text{特定生长率(specific growth rate, SGR, %/d)}= (\ln W_{f} −\ln W_{i})/t×100\% $
$ \text{肥满度(condition factor, CF)}=W_{b}/L_{b}^{3}×100 $
$ \text{脏体比(viscerosomatic index, VSI, %)}=W_{v}/W_{b}× 100\% $

式中,WiWf分别为初始和终末的平均鱼体质量(g),WtW0分别为初始和终末的鱼体总重(g),t为终末养殖天数(d),Wb为鱼体质量(g),Wv为内脏重量(g),Lb为鱼体长(cm)。

1.4 常规营养成分及脂肪酸组成测定

全鱼和肌肉的水分、粗灰分、粗蛋白质和粗脂肪分别采用常压干燥法(GT/T 6435-2014)、马弗炉灼烧法(GB/T 6438-2007)、凯氏定氮法(GB/T 6432-2018)和索氏抽提法(GB/T 6433-2006)测定;脂肪酸组成使用气相色谱仪(Agilent 7890B GC),依照气相色谱法(GB/T173772008)测定。

1.5 生化指标测定

测定血清以及肝脏生化指标和抗氧化指标时,冷冻的血清和肝脏样本先在4 ℃解冻。血清中总胆固醇(T-CHO)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)、甘油三酯(TG)、谷草转氨酶(GOT)含量、谷丙转氨酶(GPT)活性以及碱性磷酸酶(AKP)和酸性磷酸酶(ACP)活性,肝脏中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)及丙二醛(MDA)含量均采用南京建成生物工程研究所的试剂盒测定,测定步骤参见相关试剂盒说明书。

1.6 肌肉质构特性和品质测定

采用上海腾拔仪器科技有限公司的质构仪(Universal TA)进行肌肉剪切力、硬度、弹性、咀嚼性、胶着性、回复性等质构特性指标的测定:将待测鱼背肌取下,在TPA模式下,使用TA 25/1000圆柱形探头:测试前速度2.00 mm/s,测试速度1.00 mm/s,测试后速度2.00 mm/s,压缩比75%,探头2次压缩间隔2 s。

蒸煮损失率(cooking loss rate, CLR):取背肌5 g (W1)置于煮沸的水中,5 min后取出,用滤纸吸干表面水分,冷却后称重(W2),计算公式:

$ \text{CLR}=W_{1}−W_{2}/W_{1}×100% $

肌肉持水率(water holding capacity, WHC):取背肌5 g (W1)放在定性滤纸上,再在上面覆盖3层滤纸,用1 kg砝码挤压5 min后称取肌肉的质量(W2),计算公式:

$ \text{WHC}=(W_{2}−W_{1})/W_{1}×100%。$
1.7 数据处理

实验结果均用平均数±标准差(Mean±SD)表示,各组间的差异采用独立样本t检验对比分析,显著性水平为P < 0.05。统计分析采用SPSS 13.0软件进行。

2 结果与分析 2.1 生长性能和全鱼常规成分

2种饲料投喂组鱼生长性能的比较见表 3。结果显示,实验料组的末重、增重率、特定生长率及日增重均高于商品料组,相比于商品料组,实验料组鱼的增重率和特定生长率分别提高了14.43%和8.19%,终末体重和日均增重分别提高19.62和0.68 g,但2组饲料投喂鱼的生长性能各指标差异不显著(P > 0.05)。

表 3 实验料和商品料组鱼生长性能的比较 Tab.3 Comparison of growth performance of fish in test and commercial groups
2.2 肌肉常规营养成分、肌肉品质及质构特性的比较

在肌肉营养成分方面(表 4),实验料组鱼肌肉水分显著低于商品料组(P < 0.05)、其肌肉脂肪含量显著高于商品料组(P < 0.05),此外,2个饲料投喂组鱼肌肉粗蛋白及灰分含量无显著差异(P > 0.05)。

表 4 实验料和商品料组鱼肌肉品质的比较 Tab.4 Comparison of muscle quality of fish in test and commercial groups

肌肉品质结果显示,实验料组鱼肌肉的蒸煮损失率及持水率与商品料组无显著差异(P > 0.05);对于肌肉质构特性,两组间的剪切力、硬度、粘性、弹性、咀嚼性、胶着性及回复性等质构特性指标无统计学差异(P > 0.05)。

2.3 血清和肝脏生理生化指标

2种饲料投喂组鱼的血清生理生化指标、肝脏脂质代谢及抗氧化能力的比较见表 5。结果显示,实验料组血清的总蛋白、甘油三酯、总胆固醇、低密度脂蛋白含量及谷草转氨酶活性均显著低于商品料组(P < 0.05),高密度脂蛋白含量于组间无显著性差异(P > 0.05);对于肝脏脂代谢指标,实验料组的总胆固醇含量显著低于商品料组(P < 0.05),甘油三酯含量于组间无显著性差异(P > 0.05);此外,两组间肝脏组织的总抗氧化能力、超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化氢酶活性及丙二醛含量无显著性差异(P > 0.05)。

表 5 实验料和商品料组鱼血清和肝脏生理生化指标 Tab.5 Physiological and biochemical indexes of serum and liver of fish in test and commercial groups
2.4 各饲料处理组养殖成本和效益

2种饲料投喂组鱼经济效益的比较见表 6。由表 6可知,每吨实验料的价格比商品料低900元,总投喂量与商品料组差异不大,但其饲料成本比商品料组低27 042元,总增重比商品料组鱼高2 020.89 kg。此外,实验料组毛利润比商品料组高64 668.44元、扣除饲料利润比商品料组高62.12%,同时,实验料组每1 kg鱼饲料成本比商品料组低18.80%。

表 6 实验料和商品料组鱼经济效益的比较 Tab.6 Comparison of economic benefits of fish from two groups
3 讨论

卵形鲳鲹的营养需求与饲料研究近年来已有较多研究报道。在卵形鲳鲹蛋白质需求方面,其配合饲料中粗蛋白适宜添加水平为42%~49% (刘兴旺等, 2011; 王飞, 2012; 马学坤, 2013);在脂类营养需求方面,其配合饲料中的粗脂肪含量在6.5%~ 12.0%的水平下能够获得较好的生长性能(刘兴旺等, 2011; 马学坤, 2013; 唐媛媛等, 2013)。本研究中,高效低鱼粉配合饲料的粗蛋白含量为47.66%、粗脂肪含量为7.98%,商品料的粗蛋白含量为47.75%、粗脂肪含量为9.63%,理论上这2种饲料都能满足卵形鲳鲹的营养需求。

在鱼粉替代方面,发现豆粕、玉米蛋白粉、大豆浓缩蛋白以及鸡肉粉等可以作为卵形鲳鲹饲料中鱼粉的替代物(刘兴旺等, 2010; 王飞, 2012; 赵丽梅等, 2011),但随着饲料中其他蛋白源替代鱼粉比例的增加,往往会引起饲料利用率降低、生长缓慢、抗病力低等问题(Hardy et al, 2010; Pereira et al, 2003),这可能是由单一蛋白源氨基酸不平衡、适口性差等导致。研究表明,使用动植物复合蛋白替代鱼粉至少可以将鱼粉含量降低至25%,且效果较单一蛋白源更好,这得益于复合蛋白可以补充饲料中必需氨基酸,减少晶体氨基酸的添加,掩盖适口性差的成分(胡鹏莉等, 2019)。值得注意的是,高效低鱼粉配合饲料使用了本课题组基于氨基酸平衡所设计的动植物复合蛋白产品高水平替代传统商品料中大量使用的鱼粉,但其氨基酸组成和商品料无显著性差异,且高效低鱼粉配合饲料展现了较好的促生长效果,同时,此前研究结果表明,使用该动植物复合蛋白替代鱼粉可以有效降低养殖过程中的氮磷排放量,对环境友好(Ma et al, 2020b)。综上所述,在实际生产中,以该复合蛋白产品替代鱼粉后,卵形鲳鲹饲料具有显著的经济、环境效益。

众所周知,由于大多数肉食性海水鱼类不能自主合成n-3 HUFA,或合成量不能满足自身需求(Zhang et al, 2019),因此,富含n-3 HUFA的鱼油是最佳的饲料脂肪源,其不仅能满足鱼类对必需脂肪酸的需求,且具有良好的促生长效果(Katsika et al, 2020),因此,肉食性海水鱼类商品料中通常会添加较多的鱼油。研究表明,卵形鲳鲹对亚麻酸(ALA)、ARA、DHA和EPA的适宜需求量分别为1.04%、0.53%、0.42%和0.85% (戚常乐等, 2016),本实验所使用的商品料及高效低鱼粉配合饲料的相关脂肪酸水平均处于这一范围。在替代鱼油的研究方面,大豆油及猪油等陆生动植物油可以作为鱼油的替代脂肪源(黄劼等, 2013; 孙卫, 2013; 张伟涛, 2009),虽然以动植物油替代一定量鱼油的做法是可行的,但完全替代鱼油可能会导致鱼类生长缓慢、肝脏病变和脂肪过度积累等不良后果(刘康, 2017)。与上述的实验结果不同的是,本实验中使用的复合油产品在完全替代的情况下,无论在海水硬骨鱼类及淡水硬骨鱼类中均展现了良好的促生长效果(Ma et al, 2020a; Xie et al, 2021),这与本实验结果相同,且证明在配合饲料中添加该复合油产品可以有效提高饲料中陆生复合蛋白替代饲料鱼粉的效率,起到节约鱼粉的作用(郑钧等, 2022)。以上结果说明,以该复合油产品为脂肪源有利于降低饲料中鱼油添加水平及饲料成本。

鱼类肌肉品质受多种因素影响,水分、粗蛋白、粗脂肪和粗灰分是肌肉的基本组成成分,其含量直接影响其品质(陈伟兴等, 2012)。一般而言,鱼体肌肉营养成分受饲料成分的影响(李秀玲, 2019)。本研究中,实验料组的肌肉水分显著低于商品料组,而其脂肪含量显著高于商品料组,其表现出更高的营养价值。以上结果表明,本课题组设计的高效低鱼粉配合饲料有利于卵形鲳鲹肌肉脂肪的沉积,这与之前的研究结果一致(叶儒锴等, 2019)。此外,研究发现,增加鱼肉中的脂肪含量可以使其肉质嫩滑、爽脆,这暗示了高效低鱼粉配合饲料可能通过影响卵形鲳鲹肌肉中的脂肪含量对肌肉品质产生潜在影响(叶儒锴等, 2019)。TPA指标可以显示肌肉的品质状况。由结果可知,实验料组肌肉的硬度及脆度比商品料组高20%,弹性比商品料组高7%,咀嚼性比商品料组高28%,胶着性比商品料组高21%,剪切力比商品料组高26%。同时,实验料组鱼肌肉蒸煮损失率比对照组低10.31%,持水率比商品料组低0.6%,这与苗玉涛等(2022)使用脱酚棉籽蛋白替代卵形鲳鲹饲料中的鱼粉可降低其蒸煮损失率及持水率的实验结果一致,说明高效低鱼粉配合饲料有利于改善卵形鲳鲹肌肉的质构特性及提高其肌肉品质。

鱼类主要通过血清将肝脏中的脂类运输至组织中沉积,因此,血脂水平及肝脏中的甘油三酯、总胆固醇水平能反映鱼体脂质代谢及运输情况(Dawood et al, 2015)。鱼类体内的胆固醇主要由肝脏合成,通过低密度脂蛋白运输到血清中(Chapman, 1980),再由细胞内吞作用进行组织中沉积(尹靖东等, 2000),而血清中甘油三酯、胆固醇水平越低,说明机体对脂肪的利用率越高,以上指标能够反映机体对脂肪的吸收代谢能力(Wagner et al, 2011)。本研究中,实验组血清中的甘油三酯、总胆固醇、低密度脂蛋白及肝脏中的总胆固醇含量均显著低于商品料组,这表明饲喂高效低鱼粉配合饲料后,卵形鲳鲹可以将肝脏中的脂质高效地转运至组织中,这解释了实验料组鱼肌肉中粗脂肪含量较高的结果,同时证明高效低鱼粉配合饲料可以改善卵形鲳鲹的脂质代谢并且有利于提升卵形鲳鲹肌肉的营养品质,但相关的分子机制有待进一步研究。值得注意的是,陆忠杰等(2021)研究发现,血清中的低密度脂蛋白经氧化后,会导致内皮细胞损伤,从而使脂质成分、炎症细胞在损伤局部浸润,并促进动脉硬化的形成,而商品料组鱼血清低密度脂蛋白含量显著高于实验料组,这可能暗示着商品料组鱼可能存在动脉硬化、对鱼体组织造成损伤的风险。此外,血清参数及肝脏抗氧化能力通常反映了鱼对营养和环境变化的生理应激反应以及适应水平(Dawood et al, 2015),通常被用来评估鱼的健康及抗氧化应激水平(Abdelkhalek et al, 2017; Dawood et al, 2015)。在实际生产中,由于鱼油富含高不饱和脂肪酸,鱼油极易发生氧化变质,产生大量的自由基、过氧化物(如丙二醛)等油脂氧化产物,摄食后会致使肝脏产生氧化应激反应,从而损害肝脏正常的代谢功能(王煜恒等, 2010; 姚仕彬, 2012; Gao et al, 2012)。当肝功能障碍或肝组织受损时,肝脏中的谷草转氨酶会被释放到血液中,引起血清转氨酶活性升高(王灿等, 2010)。本研究结果显示,实验料组血清中的谷草转氨酶活性显著低于商品料组。这一结果可能暗示鱼油添加水平较高的商品料可能在保存过程中发生氧化,导致肝脏组织受到氧化应激。上述结果说明,相对于商品料,本实验所使用的高效低鱼粉配合饲料料更有利于维护卵形鲳鲹的肝脏健康。

配合饲料的品质和成本是决定养殖鱼类健康生长快慢、产量高低、效益好坏的重要因素。本研究发现,实验料组的经济效益比商品料组高62.12%,说明卵形鲳鲹深海网箱养殖投喂高效低鱼粉配合饲料有助于降低养殖成本,提高养殖效益。高效低鱼粉配合饲料在卵形鲳鲹深海网箱养殖中展现了良好的养殖效益,这得益于本实验使用了本课题组设计的动植物复合蛋白产品及复合油产品替代卵形鲳鲹配合饲料中的鱼粉及鱼油,使得成本得到控制。此外,由于饲喂高效低鱼粉配合饲料后,鱼表现出了更好的生长性能,这进一步提高了实验料组的毛利润,其毛利润比商品料组高13.29%。

4 结论

本研究探讨了在深海网箱大规模养殖中,采用氨基酸平衡技术及脂肪酸精准营养技术研发的高效低鱼粉配合饲料的应用效果。通过对生长性能、血清生化指标、肝脏脂质代谢及抗氧化性能等指标的分析,发现实验料的促生长效果可以媲美商品料,并且可以提高卵形鲳鲹肌肉品质及肝脏的健康水平。此外,还降低了养殖成本,提高了经济效益,具有较高的经济价值。以上结果说明本课题组研发的高效低鱼粉配合饲料具有良好的应用效果及优异的市场开发前景,对大规模生产运用高效低鱼粉配合饲料,解决养殖业卡脖子问题及发展卵形鲳鲹深海养殖具有重要实践指导意义。

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