渔业科学进展  2023, Vol. 44 Issue (6): 124-132  DOI: 10.19663/j.issn2095-9869.20220521001
0

引用本文 

李亚鸽, 宋超, 赵峰, 冯广朋, 黄晓荣, 耿智, 庄平. 长江口雌性成体刀鲚不同组织的脂肪酸组成分析[J]. 渔业科学进展, 2023, 44(6): 124-132. DOI: 10.19663/j.issn2095-9869.20220521001.
LI Yage, SONG Chao, ZHAO Feng, FENG Guangpeng, HUANG Xiaorong, GENG Zhi, ZHUANG Ping. Analysis of Fatty Acid Composition in Different Tissues of Adult Female Coilia nasus Collected from the Yangtze Estuary[J]. Progress in Fishery Sciences, 2023, 44(6): 124-132. DOI: 10.19663/j.issn2095-9869.20220521001.

基金项目

上海市科技兴农项目(2019-02-08-00-07-F01129)、国家重点研发计划重点专项(2019YFD0901205)、农业农村部农业物种资源保护专项(17210163)和中国水产科学研究院基本科研业务费(2020TD13)共同资助

作者简介

李亚鸽,E-mail: leeymnl@163.com

通讯作者

赵峰,研究员,E-mail: zhaof@ecsf.ac.cn
庄平,研究员,E-mail: pzhuang@ecsf.ac.cn

文章历史

收稿日期:2022-05-21
收修改稿日期:2022-06-20
长江口雌性成体刀鲚不同组织的脂肪酸组成分析
李亚鸽 1,2, 宋超 2,3, 赵峰 1,2,3, 冯广朋 1,2,3, 黄晓荣 2,3, 耿智 2,3, 庄平 1,2,3     
1. 上海海洋大学 水产科学国家级实验教学示范中心 上海 201306;
2. 中国水产科学研究院东海水产研究所 农业农村部东海渔业资源开发利用重点实验室 上海 200090;
3. 上海长江口渔业资源增殖与生态修复工程技术研究中心 上海 200090
摘要:刀鲚(Coilia nasus)是一种江海生殖洄游性鱼类,长江口是刀鲚重要的洄游通道。本研究首次关注洄游至长江口卵巢发育比较成熟的繁殖群体的营养状况,并比较分析了其不同组织总脂和脂肪酸组成,为探明长江口水域刀鲚繁殖群体的营养状况及繁殖性能提供参考信息。结果显示,肌肉、肝脏和卵巢中的水分含量依次降低,总脂含量依次增加。饱和脂肪酸(SFA)总量在肝脏中最高,肌肉中最低,3种组织间差异显著(P<0.05);单不饱和脂肪酸(MUFA)中C18:1n9c的含量最高,其在肌肉、肝脏和卵巢中的含量依次为(40.88±0.19)%、(35.06±1.84)%和(42.85±2.14)%,肝脏中含量显著低于其他2个组织(P<0.05);多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)、n3-PUFA及二十二碳六烯酸(DHA)含量在肌肉、肝脏和卵巢中依次升高,卵巢中的含量显著高于肝脏和肌肉(P<0.05),而后二者间的差异不显著(P>0.05)。肌肉、肝脏和卵巢中不饱和脂肪酸(UFA)/SFA的比值依次为2.35、1.67和4.49,n3-PUFA/n6-PUFA的比值依次为4.94、3.87和5.13,2组比值均在卵巢中最高,其次为肌肉,肝脏中最低。综上所述,本研究发现,卵巢发育至Ⅳ期的刀鲚成体的脂类和多不饱和脂肪酸营养存在向卵巢中选择性积累的特点,这是对该时期刀鲚繁殖活动的一种适应,该结果为进一步探明卵巢不同发育期刀鲚成体的营养需求差异及必需脂肪酸的合成转化途径提供了基础资料。
关键词刀鲚    长江口    肌肉    肝脏    卵巢    总脂    脂肪酸    
Analysis of Fatty Acid Composition in Different Tissues of Adult Female Coilia nasus Collected from the Yangtze Estuary
LI Yage 1,2, SONG Chao 2,3, ZHAO Feng 1,2,3, FENG Guangpeng 1,2,3, HUANG Xiaorong 2,3, GENG Zhi 2,3, ZHUANG Ping 1,2,3     
1. National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China;
2. Key Laboratory of East China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai 200090, China;
3. Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Fisheries Resources Enhancement and Ecological Restoration of the Yangtze Estuary, Shanghai 200090, China
Abstract: Coilia nasus is a species of anadromous migratory fish, which predominantly lives in the sea. During the breeding season, the reproductive population migrates from the sea to rivers to reproduce and clusters to form a fishing season. The Yangtze Estuary is an important migration channel for this species. In recent years, due to the influence of upstream dam construction, water conservancy projects along the Yangtze River, environmental pollution and overfishing, the populations of this species in the Yangtze River are on the verge of extinction. In order to better protect C. nasus in the Yangtze River, a large number of studies on the conservation and management of its resources, migration habits, genetic structure, and the effects of resource recovery on this species have been conducted. As for the nutritional composition of C. nasus, studies have been conducted on the different sources, ecotypes, breeding methods, and stages of gonad development. These studies have mainly focused on the muscle nutrition of C. nasus from the Yangtze River; however, none have investigated the nutritional composition of different tissues of the reproductive populations from the Yangtze Estuary. This study is the first to determine the nutritional status of the reproductive population that migrates to the Yangtze Estuary with mature ovaries, and to compare and analyze the distribution characteristics of total lipids and fatty acids in different tissues, and provides reference information for ascertaining the nutritional status and reproductive performance of this species in the Yangtze Estuary. In this study, the contents of moisture, total lipid, and fatty acid composition in muscle, liver, and ovary tissues of adult female C. nasus with gonad development stage Ⅳ were measured and analyzed using standard GB methods. The results indicated that: The moisture content declined successively in muscle, liver, and ovary tissues, with measurements of (77.91±1.61)%, (75.01±1.33)%, and (46.77±5.58)%, respectively. The total lipid content of dry matter increased successively in muscle, liver, and ovary tissues, with measurements of (16.21±1.09)%, (21.94±1.23)%, and (55.21±1.35)%, respectively. The saturated fatty acids (SFA) content was (29.89±0.81)%, (37.60±3.06)%, and (18.33±1.61)% in the muscle, liver, and ovaries, respectively, with the highest in the liver and the lowest in the ovaries. There were significant differences in SFA contents among the three tissues (P<0.05). The content of C18:1n9c was highest in mono-unsaturated fatty acids (MUFA), with values of (40.88±0.19)%, (35.06±1.84)%, and (42.85±2.14)% in muscle, liver, and ovary tissues, respectively. The content of C18:1n9c in liver was significantly lower than that in the other two tissues (P<0.05). In polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), the content of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) was the highest, followed by that of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA). The total content of DHA and EPA in muscle, liver, and ovary tissues was (12.42±0.49)%, (12.41±2.32)%, and (16.20±1.49)% respectively, with the highest content in the ovary. The contents of PUFA, n3-PUFA and DHA increased successively in the muscle, liver, and ovary tissues, and were significantly higher in ovary tissue than in the muscle and liver (P<0.05), but showed no significant difference between muscle and liver (P>0.05). The ratio of UFA/SFA in muscle, liver, and ovary tissues was 2.35, 1.67, and 4.49, respectively, and the ratio of n3-PUFA/n6-PUFA in the same three tissues was 4.94, 3.87, and 5.13, respectively. These ratios were highest in the ovary, followed by the muscle, and were the lowest in the liver. In summary, the total lipid, PUFA, EPA, DHA, and n3-PUFA contents and the ratios of UFA/SFA and n3-PUFA/n6-PUFA were highest in ovary tissues, and the distribution characteristics of the corresponding composition in different tissues was closely related to the reproductive habits of this species during gonad development stage Ⅳ. The accumulation of rich lipids and reasonable essential fatty acid nutrition in the ovary can improve the reproductive performance of C. nasus in this stage and provide sufficient nutrition and energy sources for the development of eggs and larvae in the subsequent stage. In this study, it was found that the lipid and polyunsaturated fatty acid nutrition of C. nasus adults with ovarian development to stage Ⅳ selectively accumulated in the ovary, which is an adaptation to the reproductive activities of this species at this stage. The results provide basic data for determining the differences in nutritional demands of C. nasus adults at different ovarian development stages and the mechanisms for the synthesis and transformation of essential fatty acids. Additionally, this study lays a foundation for further exploration of the relationship between ovarian nutritional status and egg quality. Relevant data can enrich the reproductive biology knowledge of this species and provide theoretical guidance for protecting the reproductive population and the maintenance of C. nasus spawning grounds in the waters adjacent to the Yangtze Estuary.
Key words: Coilia nasus    Yangtze Estuary    Muscle    Liver    Ovary    Total lipid    Fatty acid    

刀鲚(Coilia nasus),隶属于鲱形目(Clupeiformes),鳀科(Engraulidae)、鲚属(Coilia),分布于西北太平洋区中国、朝鲜半岛和日本,在我国主要产于渤海、黄海和东海及沿岸各通海江河(庄平等, 2018)。刀鲚是一种江海生殖洄游性鱼类,平时生活在海洋,繁殖季节由海入江进行生殖洄游并集群形成渔汛,尤其在清明前后10 d为旺汛,此时的刀鲚丰腴肥满、肉鲜味美,具有很高的营养价值和经济价值(袁新程等, 2021)。长期以来,洄游型刀鲚作为长江流域主要的捕捞对象,其作业渔场从长江口向西一直延伸到与安徽省交界处,江阴至张家港一带为高产区。但近年来,随着上游大坝建设、沿江水利工程兴建、环境污染和过度捕捞等影响,长江刀鲚资源濒临灭绝。为了更好地保护长江刀鲚,近年来开展了大量关于长江及湖泊中刀鲚资源保护与管理(Xue et al, 2020)、洄游习性(Xu et al, 2020; 姜涛等, 2021)、遗传结构(轩中亚等, 2020; Jo et al, 2021)及资源恢复效果(姜涛等, 2022)等研究。在刀鲚营养方面,已对不同来源、不同生态型、不同养殖方式及性腺发育不同阶段的刀鲚进行了研究(闻海波等, 2008; 徐东坡等, 2009; 徐钢春等, 2009; 唐雪等, 2011; 施永海等, 2014; 滕静等, 2016),上述研究主要集中在长江刀鲚的肌肉营养,而有关长江口刀鲚繁殖群体不同组织的营养组成未见报道。

亲鱼的营养状态,特别是脂肪和必需脂肪酸水平,是影响亲鱼繁殖性能和幼体质量的重要因素(Watanabe et al, 1984; 施兆鸿等, 2008)。长江口作为刀鲚的洄游通道,2月初刀鲚便开始进入长江口,此时性腺仍处于Ⅱ期阶段(庄平等, 2018),4―6月份调查采样,并参照徐钢春等(2011)的方法鉴定,发现长江口水域出现了较多卵巢发育至Ⅳ期的繁殖亲体。目前对其营养状况缺乏相关研究,故本研究通过对长江口雌性刀鲚繁殖亲体不同组织的营养组成进行分析,探明其营养状况及不同组织间营养组成差异,为阐明其脂肪及各类脂肪酸在不同组织间的转化与分配关系,以此来判断长江口水域刀鲚繁殖群体的繁殖性能,并推断长江口邻近水域刀鲚产卵场分布的可能性。本文研究长江口雌性成体刀鲚肌肉、肝脏和卵巢中的总脂含量及脂肪酸组成可为评估长江口水域刀鲚繁殖亲体的营养状况和繁殖性能提供基础资料,并为长江口刀鲚亲鱼资源保护及长江口邻近水域刀鲚产卵场的维护提供理论指导。

1 材料与方法 1.1 实验材料

长江口雌性成体刀鲚采自长江口南支水域(N 31.498°, E 121.610°)(图 1),调查网具为抛定刺网(网目尺寸4 cm,网长150 m,网高12 m),每网采样约2.5 h,样品采集后冷藏运回实验室在低温条件下进行解剖,参照徐钢春等(2011)的卵巢分期方法选取卵巢发育至Ⅳ期的样品30尾用于测试分析,其平均体长为(301.5±23.3) mm,平均体重为(104.93±23.12) g。

图 1 长江口刀鲚采样点 Fig.1 Sampling station of C. nasus in the Yangtze Estuary
1.2 样品处理分析

样品解剖后,分别取肌肉、肝脏和卵巢,并参照徐娟娟等(2021)的方法计算肝脏和卵巢的组织系数分别为(1.28±0.30)%和(6.91±1.60)%。将各组织切成小块,在60 ℃烘干,粉碎均匀后把3种组织样品各分为两份,一份直接用于脂肪酸测定;另一份在105 ℃继续烘干至恒重,进行常规生化成分测定。按GB5009.3-2016和GB 5009.6-2016提供的方法分别测定水分及总脂含量;按GB/T5009.168-2016提供的方法,使用Agilent6890型气相色谱仪测定脂肪酸。参照Zhao等(2010)的方法提取脂肪酸,首先进行甲酯化处理,生成的脂肪酸甲酯通过毛细管气相色谱(火焰电离检测温度为210 ℃,载气N2流量为1.0 mL/min,进样温度为210 ℃,柱箱温度设置为180~250 ℃)进行分析,采用峰面积比(%总脂肪酸)定量脂肪酸含量。

1.3 统计方法

实验数据在进行统计分析前,首先利用SPSS 25.0软件中的非参数统计进行正态性检验,经检验,数据均符合正态分布。然后对3种组织间的差异显著性利用方差分析(one-way ANOVA)中的LSD进行多重比较,描述性统计值使用平均值±标准差(Mean±SD)表示,P<0.05为具有显著性差异。

2 结果 2.1 不同组织中的水分及总脂含量

长江口雌性成体刀鲚不同组织中的水分及总脂含量如表 1所示。肌肉、肝脏和卵巢水分和脂类含量中,可以看出,脂类含量与水分含量呈负相关关系。其中,卵巢的脂类含量最高,肌肉的脂类含量最低。

表 1 长江口雌性成体刀鲚不同组织中脂类和水分含量(总脂为干样中含量, %) Tab.1 Lipid and moisture contents in different tissues of adult female C. nasus collected from the Yangtze Estuary (dry matter basis for total lipid, %)
2.2 不同组织中脂肪酸组成

长江口雌性成体刀鲚不同组织中分别检测出26~27种脂肪酸,其中,饱和脂肪酸(SFA)7种,单不饱和脂肪酸(MUFA)7~8种,多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA) 12种,结果见表 2。由表 2可知,肌肉、肝脏和卵巢的SFA中均以C16:0的含量最为丰富,其含量在3种组织间差异显著(P<0.05)。在肌肉、肝脏和卵巢的MUFA中,C18:1n9c的含量均最高,其在肝脏中含量显著低于肌肉和卵巢(P<0.05),而后二者间的差异不显著(P>0.05)。PUFA中DHA的含量最高,EPA的含量次之。卵巢中DHA+EPA的总量显著高于肌肉和肝脏(P<0.05),而后二者间的差异不显著(P>0.05)。

表 2 长江口雌性成体刀鲚不同组织中脂肪酸组成(%总脂肪酸) Tab.2 Fatty acid composition in different tissues of adult female C. nasus collected from the Yangtze Estuary (% total fatty acids)

在不同脂肪酸组成中,SFA在肝脏中含量最高,其次为肌肉,卵巢中含量最低,三者间差异显著(P<0.05)。MUFA在卵巢中含量最高,其次为肌肉,肝脏中含量最低,三者间差异显著(P<0.05)。PUFA在卵巢中含量最高,显著高于肌肉和肝脏(P<0.05),而后二者间的差异不显著(P>0.05)。不同组织间各类脂肪酸含量比较,在3种组织中均是MUFA含量最高,在肌肉和肝脏中PUFA含量最少,而在卵巢中SFA含量最少。3种组织间n3-PUFA和n6-PUFA的含量比较,卵巢中n3-PUFA含量最高,显著高于肌肉和肝脏中含量(P<0.05),后二者间差异不显著(P>0.05)。n6-PUFA的含量在肌肉中最低,显著低于肝脏和卵巢(P<0.05),后二者间差异不显著(P>0.05)。不同组织中不饱和脂肪酸(UFA)/SFA的比值具有明显的差异,其中,卵巢中最高为4.49,其次为肌肉中,比值为2.35,肝脏中最低为1.67。不同组织中n3-PUFA/n6-PUFA的比值具有明显差异,卵巢中最高为5.13,其次为肌肉中(4.94),肝脏中最低(3.87)。

3 讨论 3.1 长江口雌性成体刀鲚不同组织的脂肪组成

脂类是鱼体的重要组成成分和能源物质,能够参与生物膜的构成和激素及维生素代谢,具有重要的生物学作用和生理调控功能(施兆鸿等, 2008; Sargent et al, 1995)。鱼类的体脂含量因不同种类的鱼及同一种鱼的不同来源、不同年龄、不同发育阶段及不同组织而异(Ogata et al, 2004)。本研究中,长江口卵巢发育至Ⅳ期的刀鲚肌肉干样中总脂含量(16.21%)高于长江口卵巢发育同为Ⅳ期的凤鲚(Coilia mystus) (2.04%) (Song et al, 2020),低于长江常熟段卵巢发育Ⅲ~Ⅳ期的刀鲚肌肉中含量(26.71%)(徐东坡等, 2009)。鱼类洄游期间脂肪消耗功能是一个持续的过程(Jonsson et al, 2003),已有研究表明,刀鲚生殖洄游所需的能量主要贮备于肌肉中,本研究中,长江口刀鲚肌肉中脂肪含量明显高于凤鲚,这与二者不同的洄游习性相关(吴利红等, 2017)。另外,长江口刀鲚肌肉中总脂含量明显低于长江常熟段刀鲚,这与其在长江不同江段生殖洄游距离及卵巢发育成熟程度相关(徐东坡等, 2009)。本研究中,长江口刀鲚其卵巢发育为Ⅳ期,其性腺发育相对成熟(何为等, 2006),其产卵场更接近长江口水域,洄游距离相对较短,肌肉中储备较少的能量即可满足其洄游需要,而长江常熟段刀鲚其性腺发育期相对不成熟,还需进行较长的洄游过程至产卵场,需要更多的能量储备,故其肌肉中脂肪含量相对较多。

同一种鱼的不同组织中脂肪含量存在差异,这种差异对亲鱼的生产性能和后代的体质有重要影响(Furuita et al, 2000; Ogata et al, 2004)。Nogueira等(2017)研究表明,肝脏在鱼类的脂肪代谢中起重要作用,在性腺发育过程中可将脂肪酸转化合成后运输至卵巢。本研究中,长江口刀鲚卵巢的总脂含量显著高于肝脏和肌肉,分别为肝脏的2.52倍和肌肉的3.41倍,这是由于肌肉和肝脏中脂肪不断向卵巢转运的结果,同样的规律在多种鱼类中均有发现(施兆鸿等, 2008; 崔青曼等, 2009)。本研究中,长江口刀鲚卵巢已发育相对成熟,其优先富集脂肪的特点与该时期卵巢结构相吻合(施兆鸿等, 2008),通过在卵巢中富集脂肪营养,以保障卵巢中卵子的正常发育,并为随后的胚胎发育提供能量和物质储备(施兆鸿等, 2008; 崔青曼等, 2009)。

3.2 长江口雌性成体刀鲚不同组织的脂肪酸组成

亲鱼的脂肪酸水平是影响其繁殖性能和后代发育的重要因素(Sargent et al, 1995; 曹平等, 2021),特别是n3-PUFA对胚胎发育进程及早期仔鱼的存活至关重要(Sargent et al, 1995)。刀鲚不同组织中的各类脂肪酸组成存在显著差异,这是由不同脂肪酸的组织特性和不同组织具有不同生理功能所造成的。SFA和MUFA被认为是优先被分解为机体提供能量的脂肪酸(Mejri et al, 2019),本研究中刀鲚的3种组织间,肝脏中SFA的含量最高,在不同组织中MUFA均为含量最为丰富的脂肪酸类型。3种组织的SFA中均以C16:0最为丰富,尤其在肝脏中含量最高;MUFA中均以C18:1n9c为主,其作为主要的供能物质,与性腺发育、基础代谢和运动关系密切(Mejri et al, 2019; Polakof et al, 2011),因此,推测这2种脂肪酸主要参与刀鲚洄游过程中性腺发育和基础代谢的供能。雌性刀鲚亲鱼卵巢中PUFA含量最高,表明其在性腺发育过程中选择性地将PUFA运往卵巢,类似规律已在多种鱼类和贝类中得到证实(Grubert et al, 2004; 施兆鸿等, 2008; 赵峰等, 2009)。卵巢中PUFA的大量积累可为后期卵子形成和胚胎发育等提供营养和能量保障(曹平等, 2021),其中n3-PUFA和n6-PUFA最为重要,特别是C22:6n(DHA)、C20:5n3(EPA)和C20:4n6 (ARA)。

本研究中,DHA、EPA、PUFA、n3-PUFA和n6-PUFA的含量在卵巢中最高,表明雌性刀鲚亲鱼在性腺发育过程中,选择性的在卵巢中优先蓄积这些必需脂肪酸,该规律在多种鱼类中可见(施兆鸿等, 2008; 曹平等, 2021)。DHA和EPA是海水鱼必须从食物中获取而不能完全依靠自身合成的必需脂肪酸,其含量和组成直接影响冷水性鱼类的繁殖性能及其幼体的发育状况(Watanabe et al, 1984; Sargent et al, 1995)。本研究中,长江口性腺发育Ⅳ期刀鲚卵巢中DHA和EPA的总量(16.20%)低于卵巢发育同为Ⅳ期的银鲳(Pampus argenteus) (18.29%)(崔青曼等, 2009)、灰鲳(Pampus cinereus)(22.16%)(施兆鸿等, 2008)和棘头梅童鱼(Collichthys lucidus) (27.78%)(曹平等, 2021)等海水鱼类,高于繁殖期的雌性红罗非鱼(Oreochromis sp.) (6.19%)和福寿鱼(O. mossambicus × O. niloticus) (6.97%)等淡水鱼类(陈涛等, 2013),也高于卵巢发育至Ⅲ~Ⅵ期的长江常熟段刀鲚(8.27%) (徐东坡等, 2009)。综上可知,长江口刀鲚卵巢的DHA和EPA总量与海水鱼类更接近,而长江常熟段刀鲚卵巢中DHA和EPA总量略大于淡水鱼类,这说明DHA和EPA含量及组成与鱼的种类、性腺发育期及其栖息环境相关。ARA具有较高的生物活性,能够改善鱼体繁殖性能,提高精子、卵子和鱼苗质量(杨清源等, 2020)。本研究中,雌性刀鲚肝脏中ARA的含量最高,肝脏中较高的ARA含量,有利于脂肪酸营养通过肝脏向卵巢转移(Bell et al, 2003)。

亲鱼的繁殖性能不仅与脂肪酸的量相关,更受各类脂肪酸的比例影响。本研究中,刀鲚肌肉、肝脏和卵巢中UFA/SFA分别为2.35、1.67和4.49,卵巢中最大,说明性腺发育至Ⅳ期的刀鲚卵巢的不饱和程度相对较高。n3-PUFA与n6-PUFA的比例从根本上影响卵子和仔鱼的质量(Simopoulos, 2002)。本研究中肌肉、肝脏和卵巢的n-3PUFA/n-6PUFA比值分别为4.94、3.87、5.13,卵巢中最高,该特点在多种鱼类中均有发现(施兆鸿等, 2008; 赵峰等, 2009),这是由于繁殖期营养物质大量流向卵巢所致(Sargent et al, 1995),说明卵巢对n3-PUFA需求量比一般组织更高。鱼类对n3-PUFA和n6-PUFA组成比例的不同需求,本质上是由DHA和EPA以及EPA和ARA在新陈代谢和酶作用中的竞争关系决定的(Castell et al, 2003),因此,探明上述必需脂肪酸之间的最适比例至关重要。本研究中,雌性刀鲚亲鱼卵巢中DHA/EPA/ARA为1.66/1/0.23,该比例关系与采自中国沿海的灰鲳(5.90/1/0.44)(施兆鸿等, 2008)和棘头梅童鱼(1.51/1/0.52)(曹平等, 2021)及来自冷水性或高纬度海区的少带重牙鲷(Diplodus sargus)(4.7/1/0.7)和大马哈鱼(Oncorhynchus keta)(2.2/1/0.07)所呈现出的DHA>EPA>ARA规律相似(施兆鸿等, 2008),而与热带、亚热带海区的紫红笛鲷(Lutjanus argentimaculatus) (2.5/1/1.2)和遮目鱼(Chanos chanos)(5.2/1/1.2)所呈现出的DHA>EPA<ARA规律不同(施兆鸿等, 2008)。可见,长江口雌性成体刀鲚卵巢中DHA、EPA和ARA三者间的比例关系更接近冷水或高纬度海区的鱼类,并与其自身的生存环境及性腺发育程度相关。

已有研究表明,刀鲚合成PUFA的能力更接近海水鱼类(魏广莲等, 2014),其中,DHA、EPA和ARA主要依靠摄食从饵料中获取,并在肝脏中合成并转运至卵巢中(Nogueira et al, 2017),故卵巢中不同的脂肪酸组成及比例与其生境中饵料生物组成密切相关。本研究中,刀鲚卵巢中富含DHA、EPA和ARA,这是由于刀鲚在长江口不断摄食和转化的结果,已有研究表明,体长250 mm以上的刀鲚主要摄食鱼类和虾类,并在接近产卵场时通过摄食来补充能量(姜涛等, 2018)。本研究中刀鲚为卵巢发育至Ⅳ期平均体长292 mm的亲体,其性腺发育较成熟,洄游至长江口时可通过摄食从鱼、虾等饵料生物中获取充足的多不饱和脂肪酸营养(庄平等, 20082018),并结合洄游至长江口刀鲚胃含物分析和卵巢成熟程度判断,长江下游靠近长江口水域应该存在刀鲚的产卵场分布。综合来看,长江口雌性成体卵巢中丰富的EPA和DHA含量及合理的UFA/SFA、n3-PUFA/n6-PUFA和DHA/EPA/ARA比例,说明卵巢发育至Ⅳ期的长江口刀鲚可通过在长江口摄食饵料在其卵巢中储备充足的必需脂肪酸营养和能源为其繁殖活动做准备,也预示着长江口雌性刀鲚的卵子质量较好,可在靠近长江口的产卵场进行繁殖,故应对长江口刀鲚繁殖群体进行保护,并对长江下游靠近长江口的刀鲚产卵场的生态环境和饵料资源进行维护,确保长江口刀鲚繁殖群体能在长江口获得充足的饵料补充,并顺利到达产卵场完成繁殖过程。

4 结论

本研究选取从长江口自然水域采集的野生雌性成体刀鲚为研究对象,采用国标的方法对其肌肉、肝脏和卵巢中脂肪含量及脂肪酸组成进行了测定,并对3种组织间相应成分的差异进行了比较分析。结果表明,脂肪、PUFA、EPA、DHA、n3-PUFA含量及UFA/SFA、n3-PUFA/n6-PUFA比值均在卵巢中最高,不同组织间相应成分的分配规律与该时期雌性成体刀鲚繁殖习性密切相关,卵巢中积累丰富的脂类及合理的必需脂肪酸营养,可提高该时期刀鲚的繁殖性能,并为后期卵子和仔鱼的发育提供充足的营养及能量。脂类和多不饱和脂肪酸营养在卵巢中选择性积累,是对该时期刀鲚繁殖活动的一种适应。本研究中所采刀鲚的卵巢发育阶段均为Ⅳ期,研究结果可为查明卵巢不同发育期刀鲚成体的营养需求差异及必需脂肪酸的合成转化途径提供基础资料,为进一步探明卵巢营养状况与卵子质量之间的关系奠定基础,相关资料可丰富刀鲚繁殖生物学知识,并为长江口繁殖群体保护及邻近长江口水域刀鲚产卵场的维护提供理论指导。

参考文献
BELL J G, SARGENT J R. Arachidonic acid in aquaculture feeds: Current status and future opportunities. Aquaculture, 2003, 218(1): 491-499
CAO P, SONG W, CHEN J, et al. Analysis of fatty acid composition in different tissues of female Collichthys lucidus broodstocks from Mindong Sea zone in reproductive season. Fisheries Science and Technology Information, 2021, 48(6): 301-306 [曹平, 宋炜, 陈佳, 等. 闽东海域繁殖期雌性棘头梅童鱼亲鱼不同组织的脂肪酸组成分析. 水产科技情报, 2021, 48(6): 301-306 DOI:10.16446/j.fsti.20210400102]
CASTELL J, BLAIR T, NEIL S, et al. The effect of different HUFA enrichment emulsions on the nutritional value of rotifers (Brachionus plicatilis) fed to larval haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus). Aquaculture International, 2003, 11(1/2): 109-117 DOI:10.1023/A:1024154106656
CHEN T, ZHANG Y W, HUANG K. Analysis of fatty acid composition in different tissues of female parent fishes (Oreochromis sp. and O. mossambicus × O. niloticus). Journal of Hydroecology, 2013, 34(3): 75-80 [陈涛, 张艳雯, 黄凯. 红罗非鱼和福寿鱼雌亲鱼不同组织脂肪酸组成分析. 水生态学杂志, 2013, 34(3): 75-80 DOI:10.15928/j.1674-3075.2013.03.014]
CUI Q M, YUAN C Y, LI X S. Analysis on the bio-chemical composition of mature ovary tissue of silver pomfret Pampus argenteus caught in Bohai Sea. Marine Fisheries, 2009, 31(2): 221-224 [崔青曼, 袁春营, 李小双. 渤海银鲳成熟卵巢生化成分分析. 海洋渔业, 2009, 31(2): 221-224 DOI:10.13233/j.cnki.mar.fish.2009.02.017]
FURUITA H, TANAKA H, YAMAMOTO T. Effects of n-3 HUFA levels in broodstock diet on the reproductive performance and egg and larval quality of the Japanese flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus. Aquaculture, 2000, 187(3/4): 387-398
GRUBERT M A, DUNSTAN G A, RITAR A J. Lipid and fatty acid composition of pre- and post-spawning blacklip (Haliotis rubra) and greenlip (Haliotis laevigata) abalone conditioned at two temperatures on a formulated feed. Aquaculture, 2004, 242(1): 297-311
HE W, LI J L, JIANG Z J. Cytological observations on the gonad of Coilia ectenes in Yangtze River. Journal of Shanghai Fisheries University, 2006, 15(3): 292-296 [何为, 李家乐, 江芝娟. 长江刀鲚性腺的细胞学观察. 上海水产大学学报, 2006, 15(3): 292-296]
JIANG T, LIU H B, LI M M, et al. Investigation on shrimp feeding of Coilia nasus during its anadromous migration along the Yangtze River. Journal of Lake Sciences, 2018, 30(2): 458-463 [姜涛, 刘洪波, 李孟孟, 等. 溯河洄游长江刀鲚(Coilia nasus)摄食虾类的调查. 湖泊科学, 2018, 30(2): 458-463]
JIANG T, LIU H B, XUAN Z Y, et al. Similarity of microchemical "fingerprints" between the pectoral fin ray and otolith of Coilia nasus. Progress in Fishery Sciences, 2021, 42(1): 100-107 [姜涛, 刘洪波, 轩中亚, 等. 刀鲚胸鳍条和耳石微化学"指纹"相似性研究. 渔业科学进展, 2021, 42(1): 100-107]
JIANG T, YANG J, XUAN Z Y, et al. Preliminary report on the effects of resource recovery on anadromous Coilia nasus in Poyang Lake under the National 10-Year Fishing Ban. Progress in Fishery Sciences, 2022, 43(1): 24-30 [姜涛, 杨健, 轩中亚, 等. 长江禁渔对鄱阳湖溯河洄游型刀鲚资源恢复效果初报. 渔业科学进展, 2022, 43(1): 24-30]
JO S G, YOON J M. Genetic distances between tailfin anchovy (Coilia nasus) populations analyzed by PCR. Development and Reproduction, 2021, 25(1): 59-65 DOI:10.12717/DR.2021.25.1.59
JONSSON N, JONSSON B. Energy allocation among developmental stages, age groups, and types of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) spawners. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 2003, 60(5): 506-516 DOI:10.1139/f03-042
MEJRI S, LUCK C, TREMBLAY R, et al. Bonefish (Albula vulpes) oocyte lipid class and fatty acid composition related to their development. Environmental Biology of Fishes, 2019, 102(2): 221-232 DOI:10.1007/s10641-018-0825-0
NOGUEIRA N, FERNANDES I, FERNANDES T, et al. A comparative analysis of lipid content and fatty acid composition in muscle, liver and gonads of Seriola fasciata Bloch 1793 based on gender and maturation stage. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis, 2017, 59: 68-73 DOI:10.1016/j.jfca.2016.11.005
OGATA H Y, EMATA A C, GARIBAY E S, et al. Fatty acid composition of five candidate aquaculture species in Central Philippines. Aquaculture, 2004, 236(1): 361-376
POLAKOF S, MÉDALE F, LARROQUET L, et al. Insulin stimulates lipogenesis and attenuates beta-oxidation in white adipose tissue of fed rainbow trout. Lipids, 2011, 46(2): 189-199 DOI:10.1007/s11745-010-3521-1
SARGENT J R, BELL J G, BELL M V, et al. Requirement criteria for essential fatty acids. Journal of Applied Ichthyology, 1995, 11(3/4): 183-198
SHI Y H, ZHANG G Y, ZHANG H M, et al. Analysis and comparison of nutritional quality of muscle from Coilia nasus fed formulated feed and live feed. Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, 2014, 26(2): 427-436 [施永海, 张根玉, 张海明, 等. 配合饲料和活饵料喂养刀鲚肌肉营养品质分析与比较. 动物营养学报, 2014, 26(2): 427-436]
SHI Z H, HUANG X X, LI W W, et al. Analysis of lipid and fatty acid compositions in different tissues of the wild-caught Pampus cinereus broodstocks. Journal of Fisheries of China, 2008, 32(2): 309-314 [施兆鸿, 黄旭雄, 李伟微, 等. 海捕灰鲳亲鱼不同组织中脂肪及脂肪酸分析. 水产学报, 2008, 32(2): 309-314]
SIMOPOULOS A P. The importance of the ratio of omega 6/omega 3 essential fatty acids. Biomed and Pharmacother, 2002, 56: 365-379 DOI:10.1016/S0753-3322(02)00253-6
SONG C, ZHAO F, ZHANG T, et al. Proximate composition and fatty acid profile in different tissues of wild adult female Coilia mystus in Yangtze Estuary. Indian Journal of Animal Research, 2020 DOI:10.18805/ijar.B-1255
TANG X, XU G C, XU P, et al. A comparison of muscle nutrient composition between wild and cultured Coilia nasus. Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, 2011, 23(3): 514-520 [唐雪, 徐钢春, 徐跑, 等. 野生与养殖刀鲚肌肉营养成分的比较分析. 动物营养学报, 2011, 23(3): 514-520]
TENG J, TAO N P, LI Y Q. Analysis and evaluation of nutritional composition of Yangtze River Coilia meat at different ovarian development stages. Modern Food Science and Technology, 2016, 32(9): 267-274 [滕静, 陶宁萍, 李玉琪. 卵巢发育不同阶段长江刀鲚肉营养成分的分析及评价. 现代食品科技, 2016, 32(9): 267-274]
WATANABE T, ARAKAWA T, KITAJIMA C, et al. Effect of nutritional quality of broodstock diets on reproduction of red sea bream. Nippon Suisan Gakkaishi, 1984, 50(3): 495-501
WEI G L, XU G X, GU R B, et al. Cloning and expression of the Δ6 fatty acyl desaturases of Coilia nasus. Journal of Nanjing Agricultural University, 2014, 37(3): 138-144 [魏广莲, 徐钢春, 顾若波, 等. 刀鲚Δ6脂肪酸去饱和酶cDNA的克隆与组织表达检测. 南京农业大学学报, 2014, 37(3): 138-144]
WEN H B, ZHANG C X, XU G C, et al. Evaluation of nutritive quality and nourishing ingredients in muscle of Coilia ectenes from Yangtze River. Journal of Guangdong Ocean University, 2008, 28(6): 20-24 [闻海波, 张呈祥, 徐钢春, 等. 长江刀鲚营养成分分析与品质评价. 广东海洋大学学报, 2008, 28(6): 20-24]
WU L H, TANG W Q, ZHANG Y. Research on the differences of anadromous migratory distance between Coilia mystus and Coilia nasus based on the transfer process of body lipid. Journal of fisheries of China, 2017, 41(2): 212-220 [吴利红, 唐文乔, 张亚. 从体内脂肪的转移过程探讨凤鲚和刀鲚溯河产卵洄游距离的差异性. 水产学报, 2017, 41(2): 212-220]
XU D P, LIU K, ZHANG M Y, et al. Analysis of the muscle nutritive composition of Coilia ectenes spawning stock in Yangtze River. Journal of Yunnan Agricultural University, 2009, 24(6): 850-855 [徐东坡, 刘凯, 张敏莹, 等. 长江刀鲚产卵群体肌肉营养成分分析. 云南农业大学学报, 2009, 24(6): 850-855]
XU G C, BIAN C, NIE Z J, et al. Genome and population sequencing of a chromosome-level genome assembly of the Chinese tapertail anchovy (Coilia nasus) provides novel insights into migratory adaptation. GigaScience, 2020, 9: 1-13
XU G C, GU R B, ZHANG C X, et al. Comparison and evaluation of nutrient composition of two ecological groups of Japanese grenadie ranchovy-river-anchovy and sea-anchovy. Marine Fisheries, 2009, 31(4): 401-409 [徐钢春, 顾若波, 张呈祥, 等. 刀鲚两种生态类群–"江刀"和"海刀"鱼肉营养组成的比较及品质的评价. 海洋渔业, 2009, 31(4): 401-409]
XU G C, WAN J J, GU R B, et al. Morphological and histological studies on ovary development of Coilia nasus under artificial farming conditions. Journal of Fishery Sciences of China, 2011, 18(3): 537-546 [徐钢春, 万金娟, 顾若波, 等. 池塘养殖刀鲚卵巢发育的形态及组织学研究. 中国水产科学, 2011, 18(3): 537-546]
XU J J, WANG Z Q, SHU X J, et al. Inverstation of organ coefficients of adult GIFT Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Progress in Fishery Sciences, 2021, 42(4): 90-97 [徐娟娟, 王卓群, 舒秀君, 等. 吉富罗非鱼成鱼脏器系数的研究. 渔业科学进展, 2021, 42(4): 90-97]
XUAN Z Y, JIANG T, LIU H B, et al. Genetic divergence of Coilia nasus taihuensis and Coilia brachygnathus populations based on the mitochondrial Cyt-b gene. Progress in Fishery Sciences, 2020, 41(4): 33-40 [轩中亚, 姜涛, 刘洪波, 等. 基于线粒体Cyt-b序列的太湖湖鲚与短颌鲚种群遗传分析. 渔业科学进展, 2020, 41(4): 33-40]
XUE D X, YANG Q L, ZONG S B, et al. Genetic variation within and among range-wide populations of three ecotypes of the Japanese grenadier anchovy Coilia nasus with implications to its conservation and management. Journal of Oceanology and Limnology, 2020, 38(3): 851-861
YANG Q Y, ZHU G P. The distribution of fatty acids in tissues of rock cod (Patagonotothen ramsayi) in the Argentina Patagonian Shelf and their implications to feeding habit. Haiyang Xuebao, 2020, 42(4): 20-28 [杨清源, 朱国平. 阿根廷巴塔哥尼亚陆架拉氏南美南极鱼(Patagonotothen ramsayi)不同组织中脂肪酸分布及食物来源指示. 海洋学报, 2020, 42(4): 20-28]
YUAN X C, XIE Y D, LIU Y S, et al. Effects of two stocking densities on growth performance, digestion and non-specific immunity of the current year Coilia nasus. Journal of Shanghai Ocean University, 2021, 30(2): 222-230 [袁新程, 谢永德, 刘永士, 等. 两种养殖密度对刀鲚当年鱼种生长性能、消化及非特异性免疫能力的影响. 上海海洋大学学报, 2021, 30(2): 222-230]
ZHAO F, ZHUANG P, SONG C, et al. Amino acid and fatty acid compositions and nutritional quality of muscle in the pomfret, Pampus punctatissimus. Food Chemistry, 2010, 118: 224-227
ZHAO F, ZHUANG P, ZHANG L Z, et al. Analysis of fatty acid composition in different tissues of adult female Siganus gutattus. Marine Fisheries, 2009, 31(3): 288-292 [赵峰, 庄平, 章龙珍, 等. 雌性成体点篮子鱼不同组织的脂肪酸组成分析. 海洋渔业, 2009, 31(3): 288-292]
ZHUANG P, SONG C, ZHANG L Z. Comparison of nutritive components of Exopalaemon annandalei and Macrobrachium nipponensis collected from the Yangtze Estuary. Acta Zoologica Sinica, 2008, 54(5): 822-829 [庄平, 宋超, 章龙珍. 长江口安氏白虾与日本沼虾营养成分比较. 动物学报, 2008, 54(5): 822-829]
ZHUANG P, ZHANG T, LI S F, et al. Fishes of the Yangtze Estuary (Second edition). Beijing: China Agriculture Press, 2018: 127-131 [庄平, 张涛, 李圣法, 等. 长江口鱼类(第二版). 北京: 中国农业出版社, 2018: 127-131]