渔业科学进展  2024, Vol. 45 Issue (1): 185-193  DOI: 10.19663/j.issn2095-9869.20221101001
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引用本文 

李昂, 冯加岭, 李加琦, 唐玉泽, 薛素燕, 朱玲, 张秀梅, 毛玉泽. 蛤蜊岗不同贝龄四角蛤蜊数量性状的通径分析[J]. 渔业科学进展, 2024, 45(1): 185-193. DOI: 10.19663/j.issn2095-9869.20221101001.
LI Ang, FENG Jialing, LI Jiaqi, TANG Yuze, XUE Suyan, ZHU Ling, ZHANG Xiumei, MAO Yuze. Path Analysis of Quantitative Characters for Mactra veneriformis with Different Ages in Geligang[J]. Progress in Fishery Sciences, 2024, 45(1): 185-193. DOI: 10.19663/j.issn2095-9869.20221101001.

基金项目

青岛海洋科学与技术试点国家实验室山东省专项经费(2021QNLM050103-3; 2022QNLM040003-4)、辽宁省海洋经济发展项目(20224722)和中国水产科学研究院基本科研业务费(2020TD50)共同资助

作者简介

李昂,E-mail: Liang19990217@163.com

通讯作者

毛玉泽,研究员,E-mail: maoyz@ysfri.ac.cn

文章历史

收稿日期:2022-11-01
收修改稿日期:2022-12-09
蛤蜊岗不同贝龄四角蛤蜊数量性状的通径分析
李昂 1,2,3, 冯加岭 4, 李加琦 1,2, 唐玉泽 1,2, 薛素燕 1,2, 朱玲 1, 张秀梅 3, 毛玉泽 1,2     
1. 中国水产科学研究院黄海水产研究所 山东 青岛 266071;
2. 崂山实验室海洋生态与环境科学功能实验室 山东 青岛 266071;
3. 浙江海洋大学水产学院 浙江 舟山 316022;
4. 盘锦光合蟹业有限公司 辽宁 盘锦 124200
摘要:为研究蛤蜊岗不同贝龄四角蛤蜊(Mactra veneriformis)形态性状与质量性状之间的相关性,采用相关分析、通径分析和多元回归分析等方法,对1~3龄四角蛤蜊的壳长(SL)、壳宽(SW)、壳高(SH)、活体湿重(BW)和软组织湿重(RW)等参数进行分析,建立形态性状与质量性状之间的回归方程。结果显示,不同生长阶段四角蛤蜊形态性状对质量性状的贡献存在极显著差异(P < 0.01)。与1~3龄四角蛤蜊活体湿重最相关的形态性状均为壳宽。对软组织湿重影响最大的形态性状,在1龄贝为壳宽,在2龄和3龄贝为壳长。壳高对2龄四角蛤蜊活体湿重和软组织湿重的直接通径系数均未达到显著水平(P > 0.05)。以活体湿重为目标性状时,1~3龄贝均应以壳宽为主要选择性状,并以壳长作为辅助选择性状;以软组织湿重为目标性状时,1龄贝应以壳宽为主要选择性状,同时辅以壳长;2龄和3龄贝均应以壳长为主要选择性状,并分别以壳宽和壳高作为2龄贝和3龄贝的辅助选择性状。研究结果可为蛤蜊岗四角蛤蜊良种选育提供基础数据。
关键词四角蛤蜊    形态性状    通径分析    相关分析    
Path Analysis of Quantitative Characters for Mactra veneriformis with Different Ages in Geligang
LI Ang 1,2,3, FENG Jialing 4, LI Jiaqi 1,2, TANG Yuze 1,2, XUE Suyan 1,2, ZHU Ling 1, ZHANG Xiumei 3, MAO Yuze 1,2     
1. Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China;
2. Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Laoshan Laboratory, Qingdao 266071, China;
3. School of Fishery, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, China;
4. Panjin Guanghe Crab Industry Co., Ltd, Panjin 124200, China
Abstract: Mactra veneriformis is a common economic benthic shellfish with high nutritional value and is widely distributed in the Shandong and Liaoning provinces. Geligang is located in the northern part of Liaodong Bay. It is formed by the water impact of Shuangtaizi and Liaohe River. It has an area of approximately 10 000 hm2 with a fertile substrate. It is an important habitat of beach shellfish, such as M. veneriformis. Studies on the influencing factors of wild population quality traits and their correlation with morphological traits are helpful for developing genetic breeding of marine shellfish. To analyze the effects of morphological traits on quality traits of M. veneriformis at different ages in Geligang, the shell length (SL), shell width (SW), shell height (SH), body weight (BW), and soft tissue wet weight (RW) of 1–3 years old M. veneriformis were analyzed using correlation analysis, path analysis, and multiple regression analysis. The M. veneriformis used in the experiment was obtained from the Geliang in Liaodong Bay in September 2022. A total of 80 1-year-old, 104 2-year-old, and 168 3-year-old M. veneriformis were obtained. The results showed that the morphological traits of M. veneriformis at different growth stages had different contributions to quality traits, and there were significant differences (P < 0.01). SW had the greatest direct effect on the BW of 1–3 year-old M. veneriformis, but had different effects on the RW; SW had the greatest direct effect on 1-year-old M. veneriformis; and SL had the greatest effect on 2- and 3-year-old M. veneriformis. The direct path coefficient of SH to the BW and RW of 2-year-old M. veneriformis did not reach significant level (P > 0.05) and was eliminated. The optimal regression equation of quantitative traits to qualitative traits of 1–3 year-old M. veneriformis was established. The results showed that when BW was the target trait, SW was the main selection trait and SL was the auxiliary selection trait for 1–3 year-old M. veneriformis. When RW was the target trait, SW should be the main selection trait for 1-year-old M. veneriformis, supplemented by SL. The SL should be the main selection trait for both 2- and 3-year-old M. veneriformis, but the SW was the auxiliary selection trait for 2-year-old M. veneriformis, while the SH was for 3-year-old M. veneriformis. In this study, correlation analysis, path analysis, and multiple regression analysis were performed on the morphological traits and quality traits of 1–3 years old M. veneriformis to determine the key morphological traits affecting the quality traits of M. veneriformis at different ages. In this study, the R2 values of the morphological traits of 1- and 2-year-old M. veneriformis (0.898 and 0.859, respectively) were greater than 0.850, indicating that the main factors affecting the body weight of living M. veneriformis were found. However, the R2 value of the morphological traits of 3-year-old M. veneriformis (0.815) was below 0.850, indicating that there may be other influencing traits in addition to the traits analyzed in this study. The reason may be that with the growth of M. veneriformis, the thickness of the shell and the effect on the weight of the living body gradually increase. In this study, the R2 values of morphological traits of 1–3 years old M. veneriformis (0.738, 0.648, and 0.538, respectively) on the wet weight of soft tissue were all below 0.850, indicating that there were other key factors affecting the wet weight of soft tissue. The age of sexual maturity of the M. veneriformis is at 1 year. The development of the gonad in the soft part may be closely related to the size of the wet weight of the soft tissue. The sampling period is mainly in the proliferation to depletion period of the gonad development of M. veneriformis. The gonad development is simultaneously affected by the environment. These results can provide reference for breeding M. veneriformis and the selection of parent shellfish.
Key words: Mactra veneriformis    Morphological character    Path analysis    Correlation analysis    

四角蛤蜊(Mactra veneriformis)俗称白蚬子,隶属于软体动物门、瓣鳃纲、帘蛤目、蛤蜊科(闫喜武等, 2011),是常见的底栖经济贝类,营养价值高,广泛分布于山东、辽宁(刘强等, 2018)。蛤蜊岗位于辽东湾北部,由双台子河和辽河冲击而成,面积约10 000 hm2,底质肥沃,是四角蛤蜊等滩涂贝类的重要产地之一(王金叶等, 2016; 柳圭泽等, 2020),但过度捕捞、环境污染等问题导致其资源量逐年下降(康婧等, 2017)。在贝类遗传育种中,活体湿重及软组织湿重等质量性状是选育优良品种的重要目标性状(张存善等, 2009),相较于活体湿重和软组织湿重等重要的质量性状,壳长、壳宽及壳高等形态性状具有可观性和可度量性,使选育标准转变为量化标准(邢钱钱等, 2022),研究壳长、壳宽和壳高等形态性状对质量性状的影响,有利于筛选出优良贝类群体(方军等, 2017)。在水产生物选择育种工作中,通过相关分析、通径分析建立形态性状与质量性状之间的最优回归方程得到了广泛应用。在贝类中的研究结果显示,不同贝龄和不同环境会影响贝类的生长性状,杜美荣等(2016)研究表明,如对栉孔扇贝(Chlamys farreri)以体重为目标时,青岛海域种贝优先选择壳高,荣成海域为壳长,而大连海域为壳宽。巫旗生等(2018)研究表明,对福建牡蛎(Crassostrea angulata) 1~2龄群体影响体质量的主要因素为壳宽,而3~4龄群体为壳高。Huo等(2010)的研究表明,不同贝龄的菲律宾蛤仔(Ruditapes philippinarum)形态性状对质量性状的决定程度有所不同。这些研究结果表明,贝类的形态通径在不同种类之间以及相同种类在不同生长环境之间都可能存在显著差异,必须开展针对性的研究,然而,目前对不同贝龄四角蛤蜊的分析还未见报道。

本研究以蛤蜊岗1~3龄四角蛤蜊为研究对象,测量其形态性状及质量性状,利用通径分析探究不同贝龄四角蛤蜊形态性状与质量性状的相关性,建立不同贝龄四角蛤蜊形态性状与质量性状的最优回归方程,以期探明不同贝龄四角蛤蜊的最佳测量指标,为四角蛤蜊的良种选育提供参考资料。

1 材料与方法 1.1 材料来源

实验所用四角蛤蜊于2022年9月取自辽东湾蛤蜊岗,通过观察壳表面生长线确定贝龄(郭春阳等, 2016),共取得80枚1龄、104枚2龄和168枚3龄的四角蛤蜊。

1.2 数据测定

使用数显卡尺(精度0.01mm)分别测量四角蛤蜊的壳长(SL)、壳宽(SW)及壳高(SH)共3个形态性状(测量位点如图 1所示),使用电子天平(精度0.01g)称量活体湿重(BW)和壳重,并用活体湿重减去壳重得到软组织湿重(RW),采用Excel 2016计算各参数的平均值(mean)、标准差(standard deviation, SD)及变异系数(coefficient of variation, CV)。

图 1 四角蛤蜊形态性状测量位点 Fig.1 Lankmark points of morphological traits of M. veneriformis SL:壳长;SH:壳高;SW:壳宽。 SL: Shell length; SH: Shell height; SW: Shell width.
1.3 数据分析

采用SPSS 17软件对各数量性状进行t检验、相关分析及通径分析,设置显著性水平P < 0.05为差异显著,P < 0.01为差异极显著。剔除不显著的形态性状,利用保留下来的形态性状计算决定系数并构建质量性状的最优多元回归方程。通径分析将相关关系分解为直接作用(直接通径系数)和间接作用(间接通径系数)。

变异系数公式为:CV=$ \frac{{{\text{SD}}}}{{{\text{Mean}}}} $

间接通径系数公式为:Pij=rijPj

式中,Piji性状对j性状的间接通径系数;riji性状与j性状的相关系数;Pjj性状对质量性状的直接通径系数。

根据相关分析和通径分析计算单参数决定系数和两参数共同决定系数。计算公式如下:

$ d_{i}=P_{i}^{2} $
$ d_{ij}=2P_{i}P_{ij} $

式中,dii性状对质量性状的单参数决定系数;diji性状和j性状对质量性状的多参数共同决定系数;Pii性状对质量性状的直接通径系数。

2 结果与分析 2.1 各数量性状的描述性统计量和相关分析

1~3龄四角蛤蜊质量性状的变异系数均大于形态性状(表 1)。1~3龄四角蛤蜊的活体湿重分别为(4.03± 0.65) g、(10.43±2.21) g和(17.03±1.99) g,软组织湿重分别为(2.49±0.38) g、(5.25±1.14) g和(8.74±1.14) g。1~3龄四角蛤蜊形态性状均为壳长 > 壳高 > 壳宽。对1~3龄四角蛤蜊各性状均进行t检验,结果显示,不同贝龄四角蛤蜊各性状间均存在极显著差异,表明对不同贝龄四角蛤蜊的形状差异进行分析具有统计学意义。

表 1 不同贝龄四角蛤蜊各性状的描述性统计 Tab.1 The parameter statistics of various traits of M. veneriformis at different ages

相关系数矩阵(表 2)显示所有性状均表现为极显著相关(P < 0.01),其中,1~3龄均为壳宽与活体湿重的相关性最高,分别为0.893、0.891和0.816;与软组织湿重相关性最高的形态形状,在1龄贝为壳宽,在2龄和3龄贝均为壳长,相关系数分别为0.805、0.739和0.656。

表 2 不同贝龄四角蛤蜊性状间的相关系数 Tab.2 Correlation coefficient among the traits of M. veneriformis at different ages
2.2 形态性状对质量性状的通径分析和决定程度分析

1龄和3龄四角蛤蜊各形态性状对质量性状的通径系数均达到极显著性水平(P < 0.01),无性状被剔除。2龄四角蛤蜊壳高对质量性状未达到显著水平(P > 0.05),因此被剔除(表 3)。1~3龄四角蛤蜊均为壳宽对活体湿重的直接作用最大,直接通径系数分别为0.509、0.692和0.533;2龄四角蛤蜊仅有壳长对活体湿重的直接作用小于间接作用,3龄四角蛤蜊仅有壳宽对活体湿重的直接作用大于间接作用。1龄四角蛤蜊壳宽对软组织湿重的直接作用最大,而2龄和3龄四角蛤蜊均为壳长,直接通径系数分别为0.392、0.488和0.327,且1龄四角蛤蜊所有形态性状对软组织湿重的直接作用均小于间接作用。

表 3 不同贝龄四角蛤蜊形态性状对质量性状的通径分析 Tab.3 The effects of morphological traits on qualitative traits for M. veneriformis at different ages

图 2中SL-SL、SW-SW和SH-SH表示单参数决定系数,SL-SW、SL-SH和SW-SH表示两参数共同决定系数。1~3龄四角蛤蜊均为壳宽对活体湿重的单参数决定系数最大,分别为0.259、0.479和0.284。1龄四角蛤蜊对软组织湿重单参数决定系数最大的形态性状为壳宽,而2龄和3龄为壳长,分别为0.154、0.238和0.107。1龄和2龄四角蛤蜊壳长通过壳宽对活体湿重和软组织湿重的间接决定程度最大;3龄四角蛤蜊壳长通过壳宽对活体湿重的间接决定程度最大,壳长通过壳高对软组织湿重的间接决定程度最大。

图 2 不同贝龄四角蛤蜊形态性状对质量性状的决定系数 Fig.2 The determinant coefficients of morphological traits on qualitative traits of M. veneriformis at different ages SL-SL、SW-SW和SH-SH表示单参数决定系数;SL-SW、SL-SH和SW-SH表示两参数共同决定系数。 SL-SL, SW-SW, and SH-SH are single parameter coefficients of determination; SL-SW, SL-SH, and SW-SH are two parameters jointly determining coefficients.
2.3 形态性状对质量性状的多元回归分析

对形态性状和质量性状进行回归分析,采用逐步加入–剔除的方法,并进行显著性检验,剔除不显著的性状,建立不同贝龄四角蛤蜊形态性状对质量性状b的最优回归方程:

$ \begin{aligned} & \mathrm{BW}_{1 \text { 龄}}=-8.100+0.161 \mathrm{SL}+0.399 \mathrm{SW}+0.107 \mathrm{SH}, R^2=0.898 \\ & \mathrm{RW}_{1 \text { 龄}}=-3.968+0.083 \mathrm{SL}+0.179 \mathrm{SW}+0.083 \mathrm{SH}, R^2=0.738 \\ & \mathrm{BW}_{2 \text { 龄}}=-20.079+0.402 \mathrm{SL}+0.868 \mathrm{SW}, R^2=0.859\\ & \mathrm{RW}_{2 \text { 龄}}=-9.879+0.314 \mathrm{SL}+0.262 \mathrm{SW}, R^2=0.648 \\ & \mathrm{BW}_{3 \text { 龄}}=-28.849+0.449 \mathrm{SL}+0.847 \mathrm{SW}+0.269 \mathrm{SH}, R^2=0.815 \\ & \mathrm{RW}_{3 \text { 龄}}=-13.418+0.258 \mathrm{SL}+0.257 \mathrm{SW}+0.200 \mathrm{SH}, R^2=0.538 \end{aligned} $

偏回归系数检验显示,除壳高外,壳长、壳宽对2龄四角蛤蜊的活体湿重和软组织湿重产生极显著影响(P < 0.01),而所有形态性状均对1龄和3龄四角蛤蜊的质量性状产生极显著影响(P < 0.01)(表 4)。最优回归方程的方差分析显示,保留下来的形态性状与质量性状的回归均达到极显著水平(P < 0.01)(表 5)。其中,F值分别为222.042、71.486、306.867、92.781、241.302和63.750,均达到极显著水平(P < 0.01)。

表 4 不同贝龄四角蛤蜊形态性状的偏回归系数检验 Tab.4 The test of partial regression coefficient of morphological traits of M. veneriformis at different ages
表 5 多元回归方程方差分析表 Tab.5 Analysis of variance of multiple regression equation
3 讨论

均值、标准差和变异系数是衡量数量性状的重要参数(张新明等, 2022),通径分析既可以反映自变量与因变量的直接作用,又可以反映自变量对其他自变量的间接作用,是分析水生生物生长相关特征的有用工具(Luo et al, 2013)。本研究中,1~3龄四角蛤蜊质量性状的变异系数均大于形态性状的变异系数,具有更大的选育潜力(李艳慧等, 2022; 陈红林等, 2019)。t检验结果显示,1~3龄四角蛤蜊的数量性状之间均存在极显著差异,表明对不同贝龄四角蛤蜊进行分析是有意义的。相关分析结果表明,不同生长阶段,四角蛤蜊的形态性状与体质量的相关程度有所差异。相似的,薛宝宝等(2018)的研究也发现,4月龄和11月龄缢蛏(Sinonovacula constricta)与活体质量相关系数最高的为壳长,而9月龄壳高与活体质量相关系数最高。林先鑫等(2019)也发现企鹅珍珠贝(Pteria penguin) 6月龄与湿重相关系数最高的为壳宽,8月龄与湿重相关系数最高的为壳高。本研究中,1~3龄四角蛤蜊壳宽与活体湿重的相关性最大;1龄四角蛤蜊与软组织湿重相关性最大的性状为壳宽,而2龄和3龄四角蛤蜊为壳长。

本研究中,1~3龄四角蛤蜊均为壳宽对活体湿重的直接作用最大,1龄四角蛤蜊壳宽对软组织的直接作用最大,而2龄和3龄四角蛤蜊为壳长。这说明不同生长时期,形态性状对质量性状的影响效果也不同。张根芳等(2014)对背瘤丽蚌(Lamprotula leai)的通径分析发现,活体重是影响养殖条件下2~4龄背瘤丽蚌壳重的最主要性状。李莉等(2015)研究发现,1龄毛蚶(Scapharca subcrenata)主要影响因子为壳长,2龄毛蚶主要影响因子为壳长和壳宽,3龄时影响毛蚶体质量的主要因子为壳宽。杜美荣等(2017)研究发现,1龄栉孔扇贝的主要影响因子为壳长,2龄时主要影响因子为壳高。这些差异可能是不同种双壳贝类遗传特性和所处环境有所不同,因此,通径分析结果也有所差别。

在回归方程中,当单参数决定系数和两参数共同决定系数的总和或者相关指数R2≥0.85时,就可以确定影响应变量的主要自变量(刘阳等, 2019; 鲍虞园等, 2020)。本研究1龄和2龄四角蛤蜊保留形态性状对活体湿重的R2值(0.898和0.859)均大于0.850,表明其是影响活体湿重的主要因素,但3龄四角蛤蜊形态性状对活体湿重的R2值(0.815)小于0.850,表明除了本研究分析的性状以外,可能还存在其他影响性状。原因可能是随着四角蛤蜊的生长,壳的厚度逐渐增加,对活体重量的影响效果也随之增大。在栉孔扇贝(刘小林等, 2002)和平濑掌扇贝(Volachlamys hirasei) (宋坚等, 2015)的通径分析中,壳厚是影响活体湿重的次要因素已经得到了证实。同时,本研究中1~3龄四角蛤蜊形态性状对软组织湿重的R2值(0.738、0.648和0.538)均小于0.850,表明还存在其他影响软组织湿重的关键因素。四角蛤蜊1龄即达到性成熟年龄,软体部性腺发育程度可能与软组织湿重的大小密切相关,同时,取样期间主要处于四角蛤蜊性腺发育的增殖期至耗尽期,同时性腺发育程度受环境影响较大(柯巧珍, 2012; 刘项峰等, 2021)。在菲律宾蛤仔(Huo et al, 2010)、福建牡蛎(巫旗生等, 2018)的研究中也认为性腺质量是影响软组织湿重的关键因素。

综上所述,本研究通过对1~3龄四角蛤蜊的形态性状和质量性状进行相关分析、通径分析及多元回归分析,确定影响不同贝龄四角蛤蜊质量性状的关键形态性状,结果可为四角蛤蜊的良种选育及亲贝选择提供参考依据。

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