渔业科学进展  2024, Vol. 45 Issue (3): 193-202  DOI: 10.19663/j.issn2095-9869.20221216001
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引用本文 

连新宇, 王秀华, 李晨, 张庆利, 苟紫玥, 吕若萱, 杨冰. FTA卡保存对虾传染性皮下和造血组织坏死病毒DNA洗脱方法的优化[J]. 渔业科学进展, 2024, 45(3): 193-202. DOI: 10.19663/j.issn2095-9869.20221216001.
LIAN Xinyu, WANG Xiuhua, LI Chen, ZHANG Qingli, GOU Ziyue, LÜ Ruoxuan, YANG Bing. Optimization of DNA Elution Method of Infectious Hypodermic and Hematopoietic Necrosis Virus Preserved by FTA Card[J]. Progress in Fishery Sciences, 2024, 45(3): 193-202. DOI: 10.19663/j.issn2095-9869.20221216001.

基金项目

中国水产科学研究院基本科研业务费(2022GH01)、中国水产科学研究院黄海水产研究所级基本科研业务费(20603022021012)、国家重点研发计划(2019YFD0900101)和国家现代农业产业技术体系(CARS48)共同资助

作者简介

连新宇,E-mail: 1799833487@qq.com

通讯作者

杨冰,副研究员,E-mail: yangbing@ysfri.ac.cn

文章历史

收稿日期:2022-12-16
收修改稿日期:2023-02-01
FTA卡保存对虾传染性皮下和造血组织坏死病毒DNA洗脱方法的优化
连新宇 1,2, 王秀华 2, 李晨 2, 张庆利 2, 苟紫玥 2, 吕若萱 2, 杨冰 2     
1. 浙江海洋大学水产学院 浙江 舟山 316022;
2. 中国水产科学研究院黄海水产研究所青岛海洋科技中心海洋渔业科学与食物产出过程功能实验室 农业农村部海水养殖病害防治重点实验室青岛市海水养殖流行病学与生物安保重点实验室 山东 青岛 266071
摘要:传染性皮下和造血组织坏死病毒(infectious hypodermal and haematopoietic necrosis virus, IHHNV)是危害虾类健康养殖的重要病原,为寻找一种快捷保存及分离IHHNV DNA的方法,为后续研究提供完整的核酸材料,选用FTA (flinders technology associates)卡为保存介质,以FTA纯化试剂、TE (Tris-EDTA)缓冲液及去离子水为基础洗脱液,设计7种FTA卡黏附DNA洗脱方法,通过荧光定量PCR检测方法检验不同核酸洗脱分离效果及最低的点膜核酸量。结果显示,于4 mm2的FTA卡上,点样体积为2.5 μL,用洗脱液作为模板时,最低点膜核酸浓度需要1.47×104 copies/μL以上,可获得最佳的检测灵敏度和100%检出率的洗膜方法为50 μL TE缓冲液于95℃下浸洗5 min;用膜片做模板,点膜核酸浓度需要1.82×103 copies/μL以上,室温(20~25℃)条件下,用FTA纯化试剂洗脱3次,再用TE缓冲液洗脱2次,洗脱时间均为5 min,可获得最佳的检测灵敏度和100%的准确度。以FTA卡保存对虾白斑综合征病毒(white spot syndrome virus, WSSV)、虾肝肠胞虫(Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei, EHP)、虾十足目虹彩病毒1(Decapod iridescent virus 1, DIV1)、偷死野田村病毒(covert mortality noda virus, CMNV)、致急性肝胰腺坏死副溶血弧菌(Vibrio parahaemolyticus, VpAHPND)核酸,测试所建洗脱方法的效果,证实了该方法对其他虾类病原核酸的洗脱具有通用性。该研究给出了FTA卡保存和洗脱IHHNV DNA的适用性方案,为野外对虾样品采集、病毒核酸样品跨区域传递的保存和运输条件提供了科学数据。
关键词IHHNV    FTA卡    洗脱方法    优化    
Optimization of DNA Elution Method of Infectious Hypodermic and Hematopoietic Necrosis Virus Preserved by FTA Card
LIAN Xinyu 1,2, WANG Xiuhua 2, LI Chen 2, ZHANG Qingli 2, GOU Ziyue 2, LÜ Ruoxuan 2, YANG Bing 2     
1. College of Fisheries, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, China;
2. Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao Marine Science and Technology Center; Key Laboratory of Maricultural Organism Disease Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; Qingdao Key Laboratory of Mariculture Epidemiology and Biosecurity, Qingdao 266071, China
Abstract: Flinders technology associates (FTA) card (Whatman®) is a paper-based matrix designed to fix, purify, and store genetic material from various biological sources. It can conveniently and quickly preserve nucleic acids and may fulfil the requirements of long-distance and cross-border sample transportation. The FTA card can store and transport tissue, nucleic acid, and other sample types at room temperature (20–25 ℃). Nucleic acid can be extracted directly for detection and be sent by express as an ordinary parcel without being treated as dangerous or as special goods, eliminating tedious processes, saving time, and ensuring sample quality. It is widely used in the human and animal medicine field. It has been successfully used for the storage and transportation of livestock pathogens and viral nucleic acids. In terms of aquatic animals, the FTA card has been used by researchers to store white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) and the shrimp Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei (EHP): However, there is no relevant research report on the elution effect of the nucleic acid stored in the FTA card, which affects the application of the FTA card. The infectious hypodermal and haematopoietic necrosis virus (IHHNV) is an important shrimp pathogen and severely impacts the shrimp culture industry. It was first found in Hawaii, United States, in 1981 and then spread to several countries, including to Australia, Singapore, Malaysia, South Korea, Brazil, and China. The IHHNV infecting Penaeus vannamei does not cause high mortality, but growth would become slow and deformed, resulting in great economic losses. Early detection and prevention management are particularly important in current situations, which lack effective control measures for the disease. Several IHHNV detection methods have been established that use molecular biological methods, including conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and real-time PCR (these are recommended in the aquatic animal disease diagnosis Manual of the World Organization for Animal Health). Nucleic acid extraction by the above methods meets the requirements for samples, usually frozen, ethanol, or other nucleic acid preservation reagents. Low temperature preservation conditions and composition restrictions of preservation solutions present certain difficulties in disease investigation, surveillance, and monitoring of shrimp farming. It is particularly important to address this dilemma. To find a fast method for the preservation and separation of IHHNV DNA and provide complete nucleic acid materials for subsequent research, we selected FTA cards as the preservation medium, and designed seven kinds of FTA cards with attached DNA elution methods based on the FTA purification reagent, TE buffer, and deionized water. We evaluated the elution and separation effects of different nucleic acids and the minimum amount of dot FTA card nucleic acids through real-time PCR detection. The appropriate solution was spotted onto FTA cards according to the manufacturer′s protocol, labeled, and air-dried for 1 day at room temperature. The result shows that on the 4 mm2 FTA card, the sample volume was 2.5 μL. When the eluent is used as the template, the minimum FTA card nucleic acid concentration needs to be 1.47×104 copies/μL above the best detection sensitivity, and 100% detection rate can be obtained by washing the FTA card with 50 μL TE buffer solution at 95 ℃ for 5 min. Using the FTA card as the template, the nucleic acid concentration of the dot FTA card needs to be above 1.82×103 copies/μL, eluted with FTA purified reagent thrice at room temperature, and then eluted with TE buffer twice. Each elution time is 5 min as this can obtain the best detection sensitivity and demonstrates 100% accuracy. The elution effect of the above two schemes was better than that of the other five schemes. The nucleic acids of WSSV, EHP, decapod iridescent virus 1, covert mobility Noda virus, and Vibrio parahaemolyticus causing acute hepatopancreatic necrosis were preserved using FTA card to test the efficiency of the established elution method. It is assumed that this method is universal for the elution of other shrimp pathogenic nucleic acids. At present, research on the application of FTA card is mostly seen in the nucleic acid effect of its preservation and transportation of tissue samples. There are few reports on the relationship between the amount of preserved nucleic acid, separation methods, and detection effect. This study shows that FTA cards used to preserve pathogenic nucleic acid requires a specific amount of nucleic acid in the sample and directly affects the detection results of the sample with different FTA card elution methods. This study provides a feasible scheme for the preservation and elution of IHHNV DNA with FTA cards. The application of this technology has potential use as storage and transport strategy for surveillance programs and can enhance biosecurity in shrimp culture, which provides a scientific basis for the preservation and transportation conditions for the collection of wild shrimp samples and the regional transmission of viral nucleic acid samples.
Key words: IHHNV    Flinders technology associates cards    Elution method    Optimization    

对虾传染性皮下和造血组织坏死病(infectious hypodermal and haematopoietic necrosis, IHHN)也称慢性矮小畸形综合症(runt-deformity syndrome, RDS) (Kalagayan et al, 1991),是虾类重要疾病之一,严重危害世界对虾养殖业。被世界动物卫生组织(World Organization for Animal Health, WOAH)列为须向其申报的甲壳类动物疫病(WOAH, 2023)。该病病原为对虾传染性皮下和造血组织坏死病毒(IHHNV),1981年在美国夏威夷地区首次被发现(Lightner et al, 1983),随后传播至澳大利亚、新加坡、马来西亚、韩国、巴西和中国等全球多个国家和地区(Saksmerprome et al, 2010; Kim et al, 2011; Yang et al, 2007)。IHHNV属于细小病毒科(Parvoviridae),是目前发现对虾病毒中最小的病毒,单链DNA,无囊膜,病毒粒子大小约为20~22 nm (Bonami et al, 1990)。细角滨对虾(Litopenaeus stylirostris)感染IHHNV后可导致其90%的死亡率(Lightner et al, 1983),凡纳对虾(Penaeus vannamei)感染该病原后不会导致较高死亡率,但会引起幼虾生长缓慢、畸形,造成较大的经济损失,在缺乏有效的防治措施防控IHHNV感染的情况下,早检测早预防显得尤为重要。

IHHNV检测方法包括组织病理学法、普通PCR方法、实时荧光定量PCR (RT-qPCR)检测法、测序法、原位杂交法、环介导等温扩增技术(LAMP)和生物指示法等(Bell et al, 1988; Lightner, 1996; Tang et al, 2007; Arunrut et al, 2011; Sun et al, 2006; Tang et al, 2006; Mari, 1993; Tang, 2000)。目前,较为广泛使用的分子生物学方法为WOAH推荐的IHHNV普通PCR方法和RT-qPCR检测法。在分子生物学检测方法中,病毒的核酸提取质量直接影响检测的准确度,因此,为提高样品质量,通常选用冰冻、冰鲜、乙醇或其他核酸保存试剂保护病毒核酸(杜迎彬等, 2013; 陈大菾等, 2015)。但低温保存条件和保存溶液的成分限制了产业调研和生物样品的长途运输,尤其给跨境跨区域传递带来一定困难,为此探寻一种高效便捷的病毒核酸保存技术有助于水产养殖疾病病原的检测。

FTA (flinders technology associates)卡是一种用于快速收集、储存各种遗传物质的介质(Rajendram et al, 2006),可以方便、快捷地保存核酸并达到远距离运输样品的目的。FTA卡是英国Whatman公司的专利产品,该卡片用于在室温条件下采集、储存和运输组织、核酸等样品,并可直接提取核酸进行检测,FTA卡通过邮寄方式常温寄送且无需作为危险及特殊物品处理。经化学处理的FTA卡作为核酸载体,具有许多优点,FTA卡不仅对核酸的吸附性好,能使核酸紧密附着在卡片上,还能使核酸免于紫外线的降解,且抑制真菌的生长。研究发现,DNA固定在卡片上,可常温保存十几年,因此,应用FTA卡存储生物样品DNA受到广泛重视(Corradini et al, 2019; Smith et al, 2004),并在医学及微生物相关等多个领域进行了研究与应用(贾霄等, 2020; Shalaby et al, 2020; 毛乃颖等, 2015; 李伟昊等, 2009)。毛乃颖等(2015)研究显示,FTA卡常温运输麻疹病毒(measlesvirus, MV)会导致病毒滴度降低,但不影响病毒的检测效果。

FTA卡已在人类和动物医学等领域得到广泛应用(赵兴春等, 2012; 陶晓岚等, 2014; 刘亚举等, 2012; 聂同钢等, 2009; 王新杰等, 2012; 刘建兴等, 2014),并成功用于家畜病原及病毒核酸的存储运输(蔡颖等, 2008; Picard-Meyer et al, 2007; Perozo et al, 2006; Muthukrishnan et al, 2008; Maldonado et al, 2009; Inoue et al, 2007)。在水产动物方面,已有研究者将FTA卡用于保存白斑综合征病毒(white spot syndrome virus, WSSV)、虾肝肠胞虫(Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei, EHP)等(Sudhakaran et al, 2010; Patil et al, 2013; Karthikeyan et al, 2020),但尚未有对其所保存DNA洗脱效果的相关研究报道,限制了FTA卡的应用。

FTA卡用于保存感染病原的生物组织需要经过洗脱环节,以便游离出病原的DNA成分,为探讨FTA卡作为IHHNV核酸载体的应用效果,本研究设计7种FTA卡的洗脱方案,通过RT-qPCR方法检测其黏附IHHNV核酸的洗脱效果,并选用对虾病原WSSV、EHP、虾十足目虹彩病毒(Decapod iridescent virus 1, DIV1)、偷死野田村病毒(covert mortality noda virus, CMNV)、致急性肝胰腺坏死副溶血弧菌(Vibrio parahaemolyticus, VpAHPND)为实验材料,测试本方法用于其他虾类病原保存及洗脱的效果,以期为建立一种简易的DNA保存方法提供技术支撑。

1 材料与方法 1.1 样本来源及核酸提取

IHHNV DNA样品制备:阳性样品为本实验室保存,采自山东省潍坊地区感染IHHNV的凡纳对虾;阴性样品为采集于江苏赣榆地区的中国对虾(Penaeus chinensis)。分别取IHHNV阳性和阴性的对虾鳃组织30 g,使用海洋动物组织基因组DNA提取试剂盒(天根生化科技有限公司)提取DNA,提取方法参考试剂盒说明书。

WSSV、VpAHPND、EHP、DIV1和CMNV核酸样品均为本实验室提取保存。

FTA卡购自GE Healthcare UK Limited,TE缓冲液(10 mmol/L Tris-HCl,1 mmol/L EDTA,pH=8.0)购自天根生化科技有限公司,FTA纯化试剂购自上海金畔生物科技有限公司。

1.2 IHHNV DNA浓度梯度液制备及最佳点膜浓度的确定

将IHHNV DNA提取液进行10–1、10–2、10–3、10–4、10–5、10–6、10–7倍梯度稀释,各稀释梯度用涡旋振荡充分混匀,应用RT-qPCR方法测定病毒载量,根据检测结果选择合适的梯度,用作FTA卡膜片点样目标核酸。

1.3 点样

将China FTATM Card (WhatmanTM,英国)剪成边长为2 mm的正方形膜片,将膜片置于平皿中,分别在各膜片上点各梯度浓度的IHHNV DNA,每片点样2.5 μL,设置阴性膜片(点阴性样品),膜片点样后室温晾干1 d。同时,对虾类其他病原(WSSV、VpAHPND、EHP、DIV1、CMNV)一并点样,处理方法相同,每个浓度设置3个平行。

1.4 洗脱方案

根据不同的洗脱液配方,共设计7种洗脱方案,具体方法如表 1所示。方案1:室温条件下,先用FTA纯化试剂洗脱3次,再用TE缓冲液洗脱2次,每次均为5 min;方案2:室温条件下,先用FTA纯化试剂洗脱1次,再用TE缓冲液洗脱1次,每次均为5 min;方案3和方案4均只用TE缓冲液洗脱1次,洗脱时间均为5 min;方案5:只用去离子水洗脱2次,每次均为5 min;方案6:只用去离子水洗脱1次,洗脱时间为30 min;方案7:只用FTA纯化试剂洗脱1次,洗脱时间为2 min。所有方案室温条件下洗脱均为浸泡,95 ℃洗脱方式为PCR仪加热,其中方案1、5和7最后一次洗脱液洗脱后的膜片均在室温下干燥1 h,剩余方案洗脱后的膜片无需处理。IHHNV DNA的每种方案的洗脱液和膜片均留待检测,并设置1组未经洗脱而直接用于各个稀释梯度的膜片进行RT-qPCR检测。

表 1 7种洗脱方案 Tab.1 Seven elution programs
1.5 RT-qPCR检测

RT-qPCR检测IHHNV、WSSV、EHP、VpAHPND、DIV1和CMNV等6种病原的核酸,引物探针、体系和程序等信息见表 2

表 2 6种病原引物及探针信息 Tab.2 Information of six pathogenic primers and probes

引物和TaqMan探针由生工生物工程(上海)股份有限公司合成。PCR反应体系:Luna Universal Probe qPCR Mix 10 μL,10 μmol/L的上下游引物各0.8 μL,10 μmol/L的探针0.4 μL,无核酸酶水7 μL,DNA模板1 μL,总体积20 μL。IHHNV反应程序:预变性95 ℃ 5 min,变性95 ℃ 15 s,延伸60 ℃ 30 s,共40个循环。EHP、VpAHPND、DIV1和WSSV反应程序:预变性95 ℃ 5 min,变性95 ℃ 15 s,延伸60 ℃ 20 s,共40个循环。CMNV反应程序:反转录55 ℃ 15 min,预变性95 ℃ 5 min,变性95 ℃ 15 s,延伸60 ℃ 20 s,共40个循环。

1.6 不同洗脱方案洗脱液中IHHNV DNA溶出情况

RT-qPCR检测7种方案洗脱过程中洗脱液中IHHNV DNA的病毒载量,观察不同洗脱方法洗脱过程中各洗脱阶段IHHNV DNA的溶出情况。选择稀释梯度为10–1的膜片用7种洗脱方案进行洗脱,检测各个阶段洗脱液中IHHNV DNA病毒载量,验证不同洗脱方案各个洗脱阶段是否有核酸溶出。

1.7 FTA卡保存IHHNV最佳洗脱条件的确定

根据RT-qPCR检测7种方案最后一次洗脱液和最后一次洗脱后的膜片中IHHNV DNA的病毒载量,结合检出率等综合分析FTA卡保存IHHNV最佳洗脱条件。

1.8 FTA卡洗脱效果验证

根据IHHNV FTA卡洗脱方案结果,选取最优的方案,验证所建立方法在WSSV、VpAHPND、EHP、DIV1和CMNV等5种病原上的应用效果。WSSV、VpAHPND、EHP、DIV1和CMNV在核酸未点膜前的RT-qPCR检测病毒载量分别为6.40×107、1.41×106、2.39×105、1.94×106和4.22×106 copies/μL。测试选择方案1和4。方案1检测最后一次洗脱后的膜片,方案4检测最后一次洗脱液。

2 结果 2.1 IHHNV DNA最佳点膜浓度的确定

为确定最佳点膜浓度,采用RT-qPCR方法检测不同稀释梯度的IHHNV含量,结果显示,原液病毒拷贝数为2.75×106 copies/μL,溶液每稀释10倍,拷贝数降低1个数量级,稀释到10–4病毒拷贝数为1.78×102 copies/μL,稀释到10–5~10–7数量级时检测不出病毒拷贝数。根据结果选择原液及稀释梯度10–1、10–2、10–3和10–4用作FTA卡膜片点样核酸目标样品。

2.2 不同洗脱方案洗脱液中IHHNV DNA溶出情况

检测7种方案洗脱过程中洗脱液中的IHHNV核酸溶出情况,结果见表 3。由表 3可知,每种方案洗脱过程中的洗脱液均检测出病毒拷贝数,方案1中FTA纯化试剂3次洗脱病毒拷贝数相差不大,TE缓冲液2次洗脱病毒拷贝数相差略大于FTA纯化试剂洗脱,但二者洗脱后病毒拷贝数总体相差不大;方案2中,TE缓冲液洗脱后的病毒拷贝数略高于FTA卡纯化试剂洗脱后的病毒拷贝数;方案5中,灭菌去离子水2次洗脱后,病毒拷贝数相差不大;方案4和方案6洗脱后病毒拷贝数比其他5种方案洗脱后病毒拷贝数高1个数量级,且方案4拷贝数略高于方案6。表明,FTA卡在不同的洗脱过程中均存在核酸的溶出。

表 3 7种方案不同洗脱阶段洗脱液中核酸的溶出情况(DNA浓度)/(copies/μL) Tab.3 Lose of nucleic acid by eluate during the elution process of seven programs (DNA concentration)/(copies/μL)
2.3 FTA卡保存IHHNV最佳洗脱条件的确定

将7种方案的各稀释梯度膜片最后一次洗脱液和膜片中的IHHNV DNA进行RT-qPCR检测,洗脱液检测结果如表 4所示,病毒原液经过104倍稀释后进行点膜,各膜片组的洗脱液中检测不到病毒,而10–3稀释组中病毒核酸检出最高浓度组为洗脱方案5,检测值为(15.9±3.40)×102 copies/μL,最接近初始点样液浓度,即灵敏度最高;最低组为洗脱方案2,检测值为(2.45±0.53)×102 copies/μL,即灵敏度最低。分析该稀释度下的洗脱组的病毒阳性检出率(表 5),由表 5可知,该稀释浓度条件下病毒阳性检出率最高的组为方案2、4、6,均为55.56%,其他各洗脱方案的检出率均低于45%,表明,点膜的核酸浓度在10–3稀释组(浓度1.82×103 copies/μL),各方案的准确度均较低。

表 4 不同点膜浓度膜片7种方案洗脱液中IHHNV DNA RT-qPCR检测结果 Tab.4 The RT-qPCR results of eluents from 7 programs with different concentrations of virus
表 5 不同点膜浓度膜片7种洗脱方案末次洗脱液RT-qPCR病毒阳性检出率 Tab.5 Detection rate of eluents from 7 programs with different concentrations of virus by the RT-qPCR

病毒原液经过102倍稀释后,病毒核酸检出最高浓度组为洗脱方案4,检测值为(4.02±0.50)×103 copies/μL,最接近初始点样液浓度,即灵敏度最高;最低组为洗脱方案1,检测值为(0.93±0.11)×103 copies/μL,即灵敏度最低。分析该稀释度下的洗脱组的病毒阳性检出率(表 5),由表 5可知,该稀释浓度条件下病毒阳性检出率最高的组为洗脱方案2和4,均为100.00%,其他各洗脱方案的检出率均低于88.89%。综上可知,按照洗脱方案4进行膜洗脱,采用洗脱液为模板进行检测,可获得较高的灵敏度和准确度。综上,采用FTA卡作为IHHNV DNA载体,适宜的点膜浓度在1.47×104 copies/μL以上。

若以膜片为模板,仅有洗脱方案1能获得检测结果,其他方案的膜片均无病毒数检出(见表 6),且各稀释梯度组的检出率均为100%。表明,若采用膜片为IHHNV病毒检测模板,最佳的洗脱方案为方案1。该方案下,点膜的DNA浓度达到1.82×103 copies/μL即可检出。

表 6 不同点膜浓度膜片7种方案膜片中IHHNV DNA RT-qPCR检测结果 Tab.6 The RT-qPCR results of eluted diaphragm from 7 programs with different concentrations of virus
2.4 FTA卡用于其他核酸保存效果验证

根据FTA卡保存IHHNV DNA 7种洗脱方案的结果,选择最佳的方案1和4来验证WSSV、DIV1、CMNV、VpAHPND和EHP DNA的保存效果。结果显示,5种核酸均为方案1病毒拷贝数略高于方案4,核酸(除EHP外)均为洗脱后拷贝数比未点膜前原液拷贝数低1个数量级,EHP为低2个数量级。由于5种核酸未点膜前的原液拷贝数数量级高于104,因此,结果与IHHNV洗脱结果一致,则表明选出的最优方案适用于其他病毒。5种核酸2种方案的洗脱结果见表 7

表 7 5种病原核酸洗脱结果 Tab.7 Elution results of nucleic acids of five pathogens
3 讨论

FTA卡固定核酸具有诸多优点,在核酸回收方面也具有较大的优势。Karthikeyan等(2020)比较了FTA-DNA的回收法、试剂盒法DNA提取方法(DNeasy® Blood & Tissue)和盐酸胍法,通过半定量PCR分析DNA提取率,发现FTA卡DNA回收极限为10–4,试剂盒法为10–2,盐酸胍法为10–3,可以看出,FTA卡提取法回收DNA效果最佳;Sudhakaran (2010)使用FTA卡从垂死虾血淋巴的10倍稀释液中制备DNA样品,通过半定量和定量PCR分析,获得了良好的实验结果。本研究将IHHNV DNA吸附于FTA卡上,利用RT-qPCR方法检测洗脱后的洗脱液及膜片,同时进行其他5种虾类病原(DIV1、CMNV、WSSV、VpAHPND和EHP)核酸的实验验证,证明了FTA卡在保存甲壳类病原方面具有广泛的应用空间。

目前,对FTA卡的应用研究多见于其保存和运输组织样品的核酸效果,对保存样品量、分离方法与检出效果的关系研究报道较少。本研究显示,由方案1和2的各洗脱液体积及洗脱次数不同可得出,洗脱液的体积和洗脱次数会影响检出结果;由方案3和4的温度差异可得出,洗脱的温度会影响检出结果;由方案5和7洗脱液的不同可得出,洗脱液的种类也会影响检出结果。因此,FTA卡用于虾病原核酸保存,不仅对样品的核酸量有要求,不同的膜片洗脱方法也直接影响样品的检出结果。本研究结果显示,在膜面积及点样体积一定的条件下,膜片上的核酸浓度高于104 copies/μL,PCR检测可获得理想的灵敏度及检测准确度;在膜片的后处理中,洗脱是重要的环节之一,用未经洗脱的膜片做模板得不到理想的病原核酸扩增效果,因为FTA卡上含有的蛋白变性剂及核酸吸附剂阻碍核酸的溶出,而洗脱剂的种类、洗脱的温度和时间也直接影响检测结果。本研究还表明,膜片经FTA纯化试剂、TE缓冲液及去离子水洗脱,各阶段均有目标核酸的溶出,导致膜片中核酸载量的降低,进而影响模板效果,同时,发现溶解有核酸的洗脱液可以作为模板进行PCR检测,可以弥补FTA卡作为模板在检测中带来的不足。

常规保存运输病毒DNA的方法在跨区域跨境运输过程中因保存介质和运输条件的限制会对检测结果造成不同程度的影响,且用于保存DNA的乙醇和甲醛等有机物作为保存溶液的成分在交通运输中是被严格禁止的,制约了实验室间国内及国际生物样品传递和交流,FTA卡保存DNA可以在常温下进行运输,寄送方便,是一种方便、快捷、可靠的保存运输方式。FTA卡保存运输组织样品可以为野外采样提供更便利的途径,具有更广泛的应用价值。FTA卡保存感染IHHNV生物组织样品的时效性及保存温度、湿度等条件对保存效果的影响有待后续的深入研究。

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