渔业科学进展  2024, Vol. 45 Issue (4): 24-33  DOI: 10.19663/j.issn2095-9869.20230309001
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引用本文 

王润, 刘洋, 杨英明, 王婧, 张婷婷, 林梦娇, 王磊, 陈松林. 半滑舌鳎响应急性高温胁迫的生理变化和相关基因表达[J]. 渔业科学进展, 2024, 45(4): 24-33. DOI: 10.19663/j.issn2095-9869.20230309001.
WANG Run, LIU Yang, YANG Yingming, WANG Jing, ZHANG Tingting, LIN Mengjiao, WANG Lei, CHEN Songlin. Physiological Changes and Related Gene Expression of Cynoglossus semilaevis in Response to Acute High Temperature Stress[J]. Progress in Fishery Sciences, 2024, 45(4): 24-33. DOI: 10.19663/j.issn2095-9869.20230309001.

基金项目

国家重点研发计划(2022YFD2400401)、中国水产科学研究院基本科研业务费(2022TD20)、国家海水鱼产业技术体系半滑舌鳎育种岗位(CARS-47-G03)、山东省重点研发计划项目-住鲁院士团队支持项目(2023ZLYS02)和山东省泰山学者攀登计划共同资助

作者简介

王润,E-mail: wanghrun@163.com

通讯作者

陈松林,中国工程院院士,E-mail: chensl@ysfri.ac.cn

文章历史

收稿日期:2023-03-09
收修改稿日期:2023-04-04
半滑舌鳎响应急性高温胁迫的生理变化和相关基因表达
王润 1,2, 刘洋 2, 杨英明 2, 王婧 1, 张婷婷 1,2, 林梦娇 1,2, 王磊 2, 陈松林 1,2     
1. 上海海洋大学水产与生命学院 上海 201306;
2. 海水养殖生物育种与可持续产出全国重点实验室 中国水产科学研究院黄海水产研究所 山东 青岛 266071
摘要:夏季高温会引起半滑舌鳎(Cynoglossus semilaevis)的应激,甚至造成死亡,是工厂化养殖的重要影响因素之一。为探究高温胁迫对半滑舌鳎肝脏氧化损伤及热应激相关基因的影响,本研究选取半滑舌鳎一个全同胞家系为实验对象,通过连续升温达到高温胁迫条件(35 ℃)后,分别在0、3、6、12和24 h采集肝脏组织,进行苏木精–伊红染色法(HE)和TUNEL染色并观察细胞损伤情况,测定抗氧化酶活性及丙二醛(MDA)含量并检测应激相关基因heat shock protein family A member 1A (hspa1a)、heat shock protein 90 beta family member 1 (hsp90b1)和dual-specificity phosphatase 1 (dusp1)的表达变化。结果显示,急性高温胁迫会造成半滑舌鳎肝脏组织发生明显病理变化并出现细胞凋亡;超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性在高温胁迫6 h时显著高于对照组(P<0.05),谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GPx)活性在高温胁迫12 h时显著高于对照组(P<0.05),过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性在高温胁迫0 h时显著高于对照组(P<0.05),MDA含量在高温胁迫24 h时显著高于对照组(P<0.05);热休克蛋白基因hspa1ahsp90b1分别在高温胁迫0 h和3 h时显著上调表达,热应激相关基因dusp1在高温胁迫3 h时显著上调表达。综上所述,急性高温胁迫下,半滑舌鳎肝脏发生氧化应激,短期内机体可调动抗氧化系统加速清除活性氧,并激活热应激相关基因表达。该研究可为解析半滑舌鳎对高温胁迫的响应机制、预防夏季高温大规模死亡的发生以及开展耐高温良种的选育等提供参考。
关键词半滑舌鳎    急性高温胁迫    肝脏    细胞凋亡    抗氧化酶    热休克蛋白基因    
Physiological Changes and Related Gene Expression of Cynoglossus semilaevis in Response to Acute High Temperature Stress
WANG Run 1,2, LIU Yang 2, YANG Yingming 2, WANG Jing 1, ZHANG Tingting 1,2, LIN Mengjiao 1,2, WANG Lei 2, CHEN Songlin 1,2     
1. College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China;
2. State Key Laboratory of Mariculture Biobreeding and Sustainable Goods, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
Abstract: The Chinese tongue sole (Cynoglossus semilaevis) belonging to Pleuronectiformes, Cynoglossidae, Cynoglossus, is distributed in the sea areas of Korea, Japan and China. C. semilaevis has limited natural resources and no long-distance migration, which is suitable for the development of aquaculture in coastal areas. After more than ten years of artificial domestication, C. semilaevis has become one of the main mariculture species. Water temperature is an important environmental factor affecting the growth and development of fish. High temperature in summer can cause stress and even death of C. semilaevis, which is one of the important factors affecting factory farming and the promotion in the southern coast. However, the physiological and molecular changes of C. semilaevis in response to acute high temperature stress was still unclear to date.When fish are stimulated by high temperature, it can cause oxidative stress, resulting in a variety of toxic effects. It has been found that there is a significant correlation between high temperature and the activity of antioxidant enzymes in many aquatic animals. Therefore, changes in the activities of antioxidant enzymes can be used as an important indicator when fish are in a state of oxidative stress under high temperature stress. As a tissue related to detoxification metabolism and immunity of fish, liver plays an important role in response to high temperature stress, thus the tissue structure and apoptosis are also important indicators of liver health status after high temperature stress. Heat shock proteins (HSPs) are a class of common biological stress proteins, which have biological functions such as anti-stress, anti-oxidation, and regulation of apoptosis. HSPs are also involved in the resistance of fish to heat stress. Recently, it has been found that zebrafish (Danio rerio) is extremely sensitive to temperature changes after knockout of dual-specificity phosphatase 1 (dusp1) gene, and dusp1 has the possibility of maintaining redox homeostasis, so it was speculated that dusp1 gene may plays an important role in fish resistance to heat stress. In this study, heat shock protein family A member 1A (hspa1a) in the heat shock protein HSP70 family, heat shock protein 90 beta family member 1 (hsp90b1) in the HSP90 family, and dusp1 gene were selected to study the temporal expression characteristics under high temperature stress.In order to explore the effects of high temperature stress on physiological and molecular changes in the liver of C. semilaevis, a full-sib family of C. semilaevis was selected as the experimental object to detect the oxidative damage and heat stress-related gene expressions. After continuous heating to high temperature stress conditions (35 ℃), liver tissues were collected at 0 h, 3 h, 6 h, 12 h and 24 h, respectively. Hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) were used to observe cell damage, antioxidant enzyme activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) content were measured, and the expression changes of stress-related genes hspa1a, hsp90b1 and dusp1 were detected. The results showed that acute high temperature stress could cause obvious pathological changes and apoptosis in the liver tissue of C. semilaevis. The activity of antioxidant enzyme superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), catalase (CAT) and the content of MDA in the high temperature stress group was significantly higher than that of the control group at 6 h, 12 h, 0 h and 24 h, respectively (P<0.05). The expression of heat shock protein genes hspa1a and hsp90b1 were significantly up-regulated at 0 h and 3 h after high temperature stress, respectively. Heat stress-related gene dusp1 was significantly up-regulated at 3 h after high temperature stress.In conclusion, oxidative stress occurs in the liver of C. semilaevis under acute high temperature stress, in the short term, the body can mobilize the antioxidant system to accelerate the removal of reactive oxygen species and activate the expression of heat stress-related genes. This study provides a reference for analyzing the response mechanism of C. semilaevis to high temperature stress, preventing the occurrence of massive death in summer, and carrying out the breeding of high temperature resistant varieties.
Key words: Cynoglossus semilaevis    Acute heat stress    Liver    Apoptosis    Antioxidant enzymes    Heat shock protein genes    

水温作为水产养殖过程中最重要的生态因素之一,对养殖鱼类的生理生化状态影响巨大(He et al, 2014)。水温变化能直接影响养殖鱼类的生长发育、摄食和代谢等(Chen et al, 2020)。虽然鱼类能适应水温的小幅度波动,但在实际生产过程中,突发的水温变化会引起养殖鱼类产生应激反应,如生理功能障碍、停止摄食和行为异常,甚至会导致鱼类死亡(Liu et al, 2018)。夏季海水升温超过鱼类耐受范围时,会破坏鱼类的消化、免疫和呼吸系统,环境中的致病菌会进一步影响鱼体的正常生理机能(Yanar et al, 2019)。长期高温环境会对鱼体产生不可逆的损伤,破坏鱼体的免疫防御能力,增加鱼体患病的概率,引发鱼类疾病甚至死亡(Xu et al, 2018)。

高温刺激会引起鱼体氧化应激,导致多种毒性作用(Kim et al, 2019)。研究表明,鱼体的抗氧化防御体系包括超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GPx)等抗氧化酶,以清除体内过多的活性氧(Chen et al, 2020)。研究发现,虹鳟(Oncorhynchus mykiss) (夏斌鹏等, 2017)、牙鲆(Paralichthys olivaceus) (徐冬冬等, 2010)、美洲鲥(Alosa sapidissima) (杨明等, 2020)等各种鱼类的抗氧化酶活性变化与高温存在显著相关性。因此,抗氧化酶活性变化可作为鱼体在高温环境中氧化应激状态的重要指示。在抗热应激的过程中,热休克蛋白也会参与(孔祥辉等, 2022)。不同程度热应激下,大口黑鲈(Micropterus salmoides)“优鲈3号”幼鱼肝脏和鳃组织中的hsp70hsc70的mRNA表达量随着胁迫温度的升高基本呈先上升后下降的趋势(陆健等, 2021)。近期,Wang等(2023)研究发现,斑马鱼(Danio rerio)敲除双特异性磷酸酶基因(dusp1)后,对温度变化极其敏感,主要归因于线粒体功能障碍和鳃中产生过量的活性氧,对DUSP1-MARK-DRP1轴研究表明,dusp1可能对维持线粒体功能完整性和氧化还原稳态起到重要作用,而维持细胞氧化还原稳态可能是应对细胞受到热应激的关键机制。因此,推测dusp1基因也在鱼类抵抗热应激的过程中发挥重要作用。

半滑舌鳎(Cynoglossus semilaevis)是一种暖温型底层鱼类,其肉质细腻、味道鲜美,极受消费者欢迎,市场价值很高。然而,在工厂化养殖过程中,夏季高温对半滑舌鳎的生存和生长产生了极大威胁,使机体发生应激反应,甚至导致死亡(Guo et al, 2016)。肝脏作为鱼类解毒代谢及免疫相关的组织,在响应高温胁迫过程中发挥重要作用(Liu et al, 2016)。随着半滑舌鳎全基因组测序的完成(Chen et al, 2014),分子标记辅助育种(Sharifi et al, 2015)、基因组选择(Lu et al, 2021)、基因编辑等技术(Cui et al, 2017)的应用以及高产抗病新品种“鳎优1号”培育的成功(卢昇等, 2022),使用先进分子育种技术培育耐高温良种已经成为下一阶段半滑舌鳎良种培育的新目标。然而,关于急性高温对半滑舌鳎影响的研究鲜有报道。本研究通过连续升温达到高温胁迫条件(35 ℃)后,分别在0、3、6、12及24 h采集肝脏组织进行苏木精–伊红染色法(HE)和TUNEL染色,观察肝脏组织病理变化及细胞凋亡情况,测定肝脏抗氧化酶活性变化,并检测热应激相关基因heat shock protein family A member 1A (hspa1a)、heat shock protein 90 beta family member 1 (hsp90b1)及dual-specificity phosphatase 1 (dusp1)的表达模式。通过研究半滑舌鳎在急性高温胁迫下的组织细胞、生理生化及分子水平变化规律,初步探究半滑舌鳎对高温胁迫的响应及适应机制,以期为半滑舌鳎耐高温良种培育和健康养殖提供参考依据。

1 材料与方法 1.1 实验用鱼

实验用半滑舌鳎幼鱼[(22.6±2.2) cm,(78.7±10.6) g]购于山东省烟台市海阳黄海水产有限公司,个体健壮、无病、活力强。

1.2 实验方案

实验用鱼暂养于大型圆形玻璃钢水槽(1 000 L)内,所用海水为砂滤水,水温23 ℃。在该条件下驯化、暂养7 d。

设置对照组和急性高温处理组,其中,对照组(C)在23 ℃下正常养殖,急性高温处理组在以2.5 ℃/h连续升温至水温达到35 ℃后进行急性高温胁迫实验,2个组分别设置3个平行,每个平行27尾鱼。

1.3 样品采集

将水温升至实验温度(35 ℃)的时间记为0 h,分别在0、3、6、12和24 h 5个时间点取肝脏组织。对照组和急性高温组的每个平行组分别随机选2尾鱼,MS-222麻醉后,在超净工作台内使用无菌无酶的剪刀、镊子和手术刀采集肝脏组织样品。用于酶活和基因表达检测的样品装入冻存管后立即放进液氮中,然后转移至–80 ℃冰箱保存;用于制作切片的样品使用多聚甲醛保存。动物实验操作遵循中国水产科学研究院黄海水产研究所伦理委员会的要求进行。

1.4 肝脏组织石蜡切片制作及HE染色

采集样品时,每条鱼切取一块形状较为完整、约3 mm×3 mm×3 mm肝脏组织,在多聚甲醛中固定24 h,然后转移到70%乙醇中,经过不同浓度乙醇脱水、透明、浸蜡、包埋、切片和展片等步骤制作肝脏石蜡切片。

将制作好的肝脏组织石蜡切片脱蜡至水,然后进行HE染色,最后脱水封片,使用显微镜镜检,采集图像。

1.5 TUNEL检测

将制作好的肝脏组织石蜡切片脱蜡至水,通过蛋白酶K修复、破膜、室温平衡、加反应液、细胞核DAPI复染、封片等步骤进行TUNEL染色,最后镜检拍照,采集图像。

1.6 抗氧化酶测定

称取适量肝脏组织,根据肝脏重量加入9倍体积的1×PBS缓冲液进行匀浆,4 ℃下3 000 r/min离心8 min,取上清液测定抗氧化酶活力。SOD、CAT、谷GPx酶活性及丙二醛(MDA)含量使用晶美生物的ELISA试剂盒检测。每个样品的总蛋白含量(TP)采用南京建成生物工程研究所的考马斯亮蓝试剂盒测定。吸光度值采用2800MF型多功能酶标仪测定。

1.7 RNA提取及cDNA合成

使用TRIzol试剂提取肝脏样品总RNA,测定提取的RNA浓度和OD260/OD280值。配制1%琼脂糖凝胶进行凝胶电泳验证RNA质量,挑选质量和浓度均合格的RNA使用TaKaRa试剂盒进行反转录。

1.8 实时荧光定量PCR检测

通过实时荧光定量PCR(qPCR)检测在高温胁迫不同时间点时hspa1ahsp90b1dusp1基因在半滑舌鳎肝脏组织中的表达水平。以β-actin作为内参基因,引物根据hspa1ahsp90b1dusp1基因核心片段序列设计。反应体系参照SYBR Premix Ex TaqTMⅡ(TaKaRa, 日本)说明书,总体系为20 μL:SYBR Premix Ex TaqTMⅡ(TaKaRa) 10 μL,正反向引物各1.2 μL,cDNA模板4.0 μL,RNase-Free水3.6 μL。使用ABI 7500 Fast Real-Time (Applied Biosystems, 美国)仪器进行定量分析。实验所用引物见表 1。反应程序:95 ℃ 30 s;95 ℃ 3 s,60 ℃ 33 s,40个循环;95 ℃ 15 s;60 ℃ 60 s;95 ℃ 15 s。采用2–ΔΔCt法计算和分析hspa1ahsp90b1dusp1的相对表达量。

表 1 本研究用到的引物信息 Tab.1 Information of primers used in this study
1.9 数据统计分析

实验数据使用SPSS 26.0软件中的单因素方差分析(one-way ANOVA),P<0.01为差异极显著水平,P<0.05为差异显著水平。使用Origin 2022软件作图。

2 结果 2.1 急性高温胁迫对半滑舌鳎肝脏组织病理和细胞凋亡的影响

急性高温胁迫后,半滑舌鳎肝脏组织病理变化如图 1所示。对照组肝脏组织中肝细胞形态近圆形,排列整齐,细胞边界清晰,细胞核位于中央,无变形、坏死、淤血、出血等现象(图 1A)。高温0 h后肝脏细胞基本结构并无明显的异常(图 1B);3 h时,出现红细胞沉积和轻微的细胞水肿(图 1C);6 h时,肝小叶整体结构比较完整,而中央静脉区域可见放射状的肝板结构轻微的混乱,肝板之间的血窦间隙增宽、增多,肝脏空泡相对减少,细胞核位于肝细胞的一侧(图 1D);高温胁迫12 h后,肝脏组织损伤较明显,肝细胞排列无序,较多肝细胞均出现空泡化,细胞间界限杂乱模糊,细胞核萎缩,严重的甚至出现溶解,以血窦扩张、空泡持续减少为特点(图 1E);高温胁迫24 h后,肝脏组织原有结构遭到破坏,可以观察到脂质空泡以及肝细胞坏死产生的空洞,肝细胞出现广泛变性坏死,出血严重(图 1F)。

图 1 急性高温胁迫对半滑舌鳎肝脏组织结构的影响 Fig.1 Effects of acute heat stress on liver tissue structure of C. semilaevis A:对照组;B~F:高温胁迫组0、3、6、12和24 h。比例尺=20 μm。HCC:肝细胞索;Cv:中央静脉;LC:肝细胞;BC:血细胞;AB:血细胞聚集;S:空泡;Pn:细胞核固缩;1:淤血;2:脂质空泡;3:坏死产生的空洞;4:肝细胞广泛性坏死。 A: Control group; B~F: High temperature stress group at 0, 3, 6, 12, and 24 h. Scale =20 μm. HCC: Hepatocyte cord; Cv: Central vein; LC: Hepatocyte; BC: Hemocyte; AB: Hemocyte aggregation; S: Vacuole; Pn: Nuclear pyresis; 1: Congestion; 2: Lipid vacuole; 3: Necrotic cavity; 4: Hepatocyte extensive necrosis.

急性高温胁迫后半滑舌鳎肝脏细胞凋亡结果如图 2所示。对照组中肝脏细胞状态良好,偶有凋亡的细胞出现(图 2A)。在高温胁迫0 h即在肝脏边缘发现少量凋亡细胞(图 2B);随着高温胁迫时间的增加,肝脏边缘凋亡细胞数量越来越多(图 2C~E);急性高温胁迫24 h后,肝脏内部出现大量细胞凋亡(图 2F)。

图 2 TUNEL染色法检测急性高温胁迫处理后半滑舌鳎肝脏细胞凋亡 Fig.2 Apoptosis of liver cell of C. semilaevis after acute high temperature stress treatment detected by TUNEL staining A:对照组;B~F:高温胁迫组0、3、6、12和24 h。蓝色荧光代表正常细胞的细胞核,绿色荧光代表凋亡细胞的细胞核。比例尺=20 μm。 A: Control group; B~F: High temperature stress group at 0, 3, 6, 12, and 24 h. Blue fluorescence represents the nucleus of normal cells, and green fluorescence represents the nucleus of apoptotic cells. Scale =20 μm.
2.2 急性高温胁迫对半滑舌鳎肝脏抗氧化酶活性的影响

急性高温胁迫后半滑舌鳎肝脏中抗氧化酶SOD、CAT、GPx活性及MDA含量均出现不同程度的升高,具体结果如图 3所示。其中,SOD活性在高温胁迫后3、6和24 h显著高于对照组(P<0.05) (图 3A)。CAT活性在高温胁迫后0~24 h均显著高于对照组(P<0.05) (图 3B)。GPx活性在高温胁迫后0 h显著低于对照组,在12 h显著高于对照组(P<0.05) (图 3C)。MDA含量在急性高温胁迫后0~12 h与对照组无显著差异,24 h显著高于对照组(P<0.05) (图 3D)。

图 3 急性高温胁迫对半滑舌鳎抗氧化酶活性的影响 Fig.3 Effects of acute heat stress on antioxidant enzyme activity of C. semilaevis 各时间点不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05)。下同。 Different lowercase letters at each time point indicate significant differences (P<0.05). The same below.
2.3 急性高温胁迫对半滑舌鳎肝脏hspa1ahsp90b1dusp1基因表达的影响

急性高温胁迫后半滑舌鳎肝脏hspa1ahsp90b1dusp1基因表达变化如图 4所示。hspa1a基因表达在高温胁迫后显著上调表达,0 h即达到最大值,为对照组的6 000倍,3 h表达量为对照组的4 000倍,6、12和24 h时表达趋势虽然下降,但仍显著高于对照组(图 4A)。hsp90b1表达在高温胁迫后显著上调表达,在12 h达到最大值,为对照组的75倍,3、6和24 h的表达量分别为对照组的60、70和40倍(图 4B)。dusp1基因的表达量呈先升高后降低再升高的趋势,3 h表达量显著高于对照组,其他时间点与对照组差异不显著(图 4C)。

图 4 急性高温胁迫下半滑舌鳎肝脏中hspa1ahsp90b1dusp1基因的表达量变化 Fig.4 The variation of relative expression level of hspa1a, hsp90b1 and dusp1 in the liver of C. semilaevis under acute high temperature stress
3 讨论

肝脏是鱼类维持生命活动和物质代谢的重要组织,当肝脏受到损伤后会出现肝细胞空泡化、细胞破损、细胞边界模糊等现象(王晓光, 2015)。在37 ℃急性高温胁迫下,大口黑鲈“优鲈3号”的肝细胞出现空泡化、细胞核溶解、细胞界限杂乱模糊等现象(陆健等, 2021)。在27 ℃急性高温胁迫时,许氏平鲉(Sebastes schlegelii)的肝脏损伤较明显,肝细胞排列杂乱,较多肝细胞出现空泡化、细胞间界限杂乱模糊和细胞核溶解,而在5 ℃急性低温胁迫下,肝脏组织损伤不明显(张思敏等, 2018)。本研究也发现,随着高温胁迫时间延长,肝细胞出现明显损伤。细胞凋亡(apoptosis)是由基因控制、细胞自主的有序性死亡,又称为程序性细胞死亡(programmed cell death),是真核细胞的一种特殊的死亡形式(管强东等, 2022)。研究表明,热应激引起细胞线粒体产生过氧化物损伤机体,从而导致细胞凋亡(Luo et al, 2016)。细胞凋亡的相关研究发现许多对细胞凋亡起到调控作用的基因,如凋亡基因caspasse3 (Chu et al, 2023)、caspasse9 (刘恩光等, 2021)、p38MAPK基因(王艺臻等, 2022)等。本研究发现,高温胁迫后半滑舌鳎肝脏出现明显的细胞凋亡现象,期望后续进一步探讨细胞凋亡基因在半滑舌鳎响应高温胁迫中的调控作用。

高温胁迫会使鱼类产生氧化应激,导致氧化损伤。SOD、CAT和GPx是鱼体应对氧化应激的主要抗氧化酶,MDA作为脂质过氧化的最终产物,可以反映氧自由基对生物体的应激损伤程度(Zang et al, 2012)。其中,SOD对氧化剂和抗氧化剂的平衡起到重要作用,是最基本和最重要的清除剂(徐冬冬等, 2010)。作为一种经典的抗氧化酶,SOD将超氧化物转化为H2O2和O2,再经CAT催化H2O2分解为H2O和O2,从而清除氧自由基,减轻脂质过氧化损伤(王晓煜等, 2020)。GPx能催化还原性谷胱甘肽(GSH)变成氧化性谷胱甘肽(GSSG),促进H2O2分解,使有毒的H2O2还原成无毒的羟基化合物(Ning et al, 2016)。研究人员对虹鳟和硬头鳟(Salmon gairdneri)幼鱼进行急性高温胁迫,发现其肝脏、鳃、肌肉、肾脏、心脏等组织中SOD、CAT和GPx活性均升高,而肝脏组织中的抗氧化酶活性最高(姜旭阳等, 2021)。温度升高也对白梭吻鲈(Sander lucioperca)肝脏抗氧化酶影响显著,升温初期SOD、CAT和GPx活性均升高(王国成等, 2017)。在其他水产物种中也发现类似结果,例如,日本沼虾(Macrobrachium nipponense)在高温胁迫下,肝胰腺中的SOD和CAT活性显著高于对照组,表明高温诱导使日本沼虾的抗氧化力增强(翟书华等, 2022)。对皱纹盘鲍(Haliotis discus hannai)和虾夷扇贝(Mizuhopecten yessoensis)进行高温骤变处理,其MDA含量增加,说明温度急剧改变会激活机体抗氧化系统(姜娓娓, 2017)。同样,本研究中,SOD、CAT、GPx活性和MDA含量在急性高温胁迫24 h内均出现明显的升高。其中,SOD活性在急性高温胁迫0 h显著低于对照组,3 h时显著高于对照组(P<0.05);而GPx活性在高温胁迫0 h和6 h显著低于对照组,12 h后显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。出现这样的变化趋势,可能是在急性高温胁迫期间,活性氧的含量逐渐增加,同时鱼体内产生炎症,出现细胞凋亡现象,需要通过提高抗氧化酶的活性来保护机体不受到损伤。因此,通过以上研究推测,高温胁迫可能致使半滑舌鳎体内活性氧增多,鱼体通过激活肝脏抗氧化系统以清除过多活性氧产生的损害。

热休克蛋白(heat shock proteins, HSPs)是一类高度保守的细胞内蛋白家族,目前在多种生物体中均有发现,能提高机体应对温度胁迫、饥饿胁迫、低氧胁迫等恶劣环境的能力(张晨光等, 2023)。Hsp70和Hsp90是其中重要的2个家族成员,在鱼类中有较广泛的研究。研究表明,温度变化会显著影响鱼类热休克蛋白基因的表达(孙旋辉等, 2023)。对银鲳进行28 ℃、30 ℃和32 ℃的高温胁迫,肝组织hsp70基因的表达量随着胁迫时间增加,在24 h内呈先上升后下降的趋势,并且在不同温度胁迫下的表达量有显著差异(史琛榆等, 2022)。hspa1ahsp70基因,是热休克蛋白家族中极其重要的基因之一,在高温下能协助蛋白复性及保护生物体免受损伤(Yebra-Pimentel et al, 2019)。本研究中,hspa1a基因在受到高温胁迫后立即呈现极显著上调表达,迅速响应高温胁迫,说明hspa1a基因是半滑舌鳎抵抗热应激的关键基因,在今后可作为耐高温基因标记在相关研究中应用。

研究表明,dusp1基因是通过介导细胞外信号调节蛋白激酶的去磷酸化作用来发挥功能(郭安宁等, 2018)。研究发现,在草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idellus)受到低温胁迫的大脑组织转录组谱中,dusp1基因主要在冷胁迫下细胞的生长和凋亡调控中起重要作用(Shi et al, 2020)。对斑马鱼胚胎成纤维样细胞进行dusp1敲降,进行10 ℃低温处理,发现低温胁迫下细胞的凋亡比例显著高于对照组,活细胞数显著低于对照组,说明dusp1参与鱼类冷应激过程,在低温胁迫下能保护细胞(Niu et al, 2017)。本研究发现,在急性高温胁迫初期,dusp1基因在肝脏中呈现显著高表达,这可能是在暗示dusp1基因能响应高温胁迫;但在急性高温胁迫6 h时其表达量显著下调,可能是因为此时细胞凋亡的范围开始逐渐扩散,影响到dusp1基因的表达。综上结果表明,半滑舌鳎的dusp1基因在耐高温功能中可能发挥重要作用,这为探究暖温性鱼类高温适应性机制提供了新的证据。

4 结论

本研究通过对半滑舌鳎进行35 ℃急性高温胁迫,选取24 h内5个时间点的肝脏组织,分析组织细胞、生理生化、基因表达等水平的应激性反应,结果表明,急性高温胁迫会造成半滑舌鳎肝脏组织病变和细胞凋亡,引起机体抗氧化防御系统发生反应,即SOD、CAT、GPx和MDA等抗氧化相关指标产生变化以减轻机体损伤,并激活hspa1ahsp90b1dusp1等热应激相关基因显著表达以尽快适应高温胁迫带来的不利影响。以上结果初步探明了半滑舌鳎在急性高温胁迫下的应激反应,对其高温适应性分子基础的遗传解析和耐高温良种培育具有指导意义。

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