渔业科学进展  2025, Vol. 46 Issue (1): 222-230  DOI: 10.19663/j.issn2095-9869.20240105001
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引用本文 

王善宇, 简冲, 薛勇, 赵玲, 孙慧慧, 曹荣. 杀菌条件对蓝点马鲛鱼脂质及风味品质的影响[J]. 渔业科学进展, 2025, 46(1): 222-230. DOI: 10.19663/j.issn2095-9869.20240105001.
WANG Shanyu, JIAN Chong, XUE Yong, ZHAO Ling, SUN Huihui, CAO Rong. Flavor Quality of Scomberomorus niphonius[J]. Progress in Fishery Sciences, 2025, 46(1): 222-230. DOI: 10.19663/j.issn2095-9869.20240105001.

基金项目

中国水产科学研究院基本科研业务费(2023XT0702; 2023TD72)资助

作者简介

王善宇,Email: wsy8587@foxmail.com

通讯作者

曹荣,研究员,Email: caorong@ysfri.ac.cn

文章历史

收稿日期:2024-01-05
收修改稿日期:2024-02-27
杀菌条件对蓝点马鲛鱼脂质及风味品质的影响
王善宇 1,3, 简冲 1, 薛勇 3, 赵玲 1, 孙慧慧 1, 曹荣 1,2     
1. 中国水产科学研究院黄海水产研究所 山东 青岛 266071;
2. 青岛海洋科技中心海洋药物与生物制品功能实验室 山东 青岛 266237;
3. 中国海洋大学食品科学与工程学院 山东 青岛 266003
摘要:为探究不同杀菌条件对蓝点马鲛鱼(Scomberomorus niphonius)品质的影响,本文研究了110 ℃、46.4 min (A组),115 ℃、14.7 min (B组)和121 ℃、3.7 min (C组) 3种杀菌条件对鱼肉感官品质、脂质组成及风味的影响。结果显示,杀菌后蓝点马鲛鱼的质地、滋味和气味的感官评分变化明显。样品中的总脂、甘油三酯和磷脂含量在杀菌后均显著降低(P < 0.05),游离脂肪酸含量显著升高(P < 0.05)。不同杀菌组间脂质组成存在差异,C组样品的脂质损失程度最高。脂质氧化程度受杀菌条件的影响显著(P < 0.05),过氧化值(POV)含量均显著升高、硫代巴比妥酸反应值(TBARS)含量显著降低(P < 0.05)。电子鼻分析结果表明,不同杀菌条件处理后鱼肉的气味特征明显不同。借助气相色谱-离子迁移谱从4组样品中鉴别出22种挥发性化合物,各组间的挥发性物质存在明显差异,其中,己醛、戊醛、异戊醛、3-戊酮、环己酮、3-羟基丁-2-酮和乙酸乙酯等是鱼肉中的主要风味物质,在B组样品中含量最高。综上,采用115 ℃、14.7 min (B组)杀菌的样品,其感官和风味品质明显优于其他组,且脂质氧化程度更低。研究结果可为蓝点马鲛鱼罐头产品加工提供参考。
关键词蓝点马鲛鱼    杀菌条件    感官品质    脂质    挥发性物质    风味    
Flavor Quality of Scomberomorus niphonius
WANG Shanyu 1,3, JIAN Chong 1, XUE Yong 3, ZHAO Ling 1, SUN Huihui 1, CAO Rong 1,2     
1. Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China;
2. Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Qingdao Marine Science and Technology Center, Qingdao 266237, China;
3. College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
Abstract: Scomberomorus niphonius, an important marine economic fish in China, is widely distributed in the Bohai, Yellow, and East China Seas. In 2022, the total catch of Scomberomorus niphonius in China was 356, 100 tons, representing 3.75% of China's overall marine fish catch. Shandong Province accounted for a significant portion, with a catch of 175, 300 tons, constituting 49.22% of the national total. The annual catch of S. niphonius in Shandong ranks first in the country. S. niphonius is rich in protein, unsaturated fatty acids, essential amino acids, minerals, and other nutrients. It has a delicious flavor and is popular with consumers. S. niphonius, during processing and storage, is susceptible to microorganisms, temperature, and other external environmental influences of corruption deterioration and loss of commodity value; therefore, its storage quality must be improved. Among various fish products, vacuum-packed ready-to-eat soft canned products are popular and widely used with high commercial value due to their short sterilization time, low nutritional loss, and easy portability. Sterilization is an important way of ensuring product quality and extending shelf-life. However, the irrationality of the sterilization process, which focuses mainly on the effect of a single sterilization temperature and time on these quality indicators, often results in a reduction in the quality of the product in terms of flavor, texture, and nutritional value.Lipids are important components of seafood and essential biomolecules. They are also involved in organismal processes essential in the nutritional value, texture, and overall organoleptic properties of seafood. For flavor modification, they act as solvents and precursors of volatile compounds. In addition, seafood contains essential nutritional lipids, including phospholipids, triglycerides, and essential fatty acids, which is an important feature distinguishing it from other species. In addition, most of the volatile flavor compounds in meat are produced by the Melad reaction and the thermal degradation of lipids (oxidation) and thiamine. Oxidative degradation of lipids is the main pathway for forming the characteristic flavor of aquatic products. S. niphonius, due to its high content of unsaturated fatty acids, releases unsaturated fatty acids from the lipids during sterilization to further oxidize them into volatile compounds such as aldehydes, ketones, and alcohols, which have a low threshold value and can significantly impact the flavor quality of the product. Currently, the processing of S. niphonius is focused on dry-cured products, and relatively few studies have been conducted on the quality changes during the processing and sterilization of its soft canning. Based on this, the present study took the S. niphonius as a research object and used conventional physicochemical tests combined with the electronic nose, gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry (GC-IMS), and other technical means to compare the effects of different sterilization conditions on the physicochemical indices and volatile substances of S. niphonius, to extend its shelf life while reducing the effects of sterilization on its flavor, sensory, and nutritional qualities. This will provide a reference for quality control in the processing of prepared fish dishes and enrich the basic theory of flavor formation in thermally sterilized aquatic products.The results showed that the sensory scores of texture, taste, and odor of S. niphonius changed significantly after sterilization. The total lipid, triglyceride, and phospholipid contents in the samples were significantly decreased after sterilization (P < 0.05), and the free fatty acid content was significantly increased (P < 0.05). Differences were observed in lipid composition between different sterilization groups, with the highest degree of lipid loss in Group C samples. The degree of lipid oxidation was significantly affected by sterilization conditions (P < 0.05), peroxidevalue (POV) content was significantly increased, and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) content was significantly decreased (P < 0.05). The results of electronic nose analysis showed that the odor characteristics of fish meat after different sterilization conditions were significantly different. Twenty-two volatile compounds were identified from the four groups of samples using GC-IMS, including seven aldehydes, five ketones, four alcohols, three esters, two acids, and one furan. Among these compounds, heptyl aldehyde, hexaldehyde, 3-hydroxybutane-2-ketone, acetic acid, and 1-octene-3-alcohol were identified as the primary volatile substances in the control group. The signal intensity of valeraldehyde, isovaleraldehyde, butyraldehyde, 3-hydroxy-butanone, and ethyl propionate significantly increased after the fish underwent various sterilization conditions. This observation suggests that sterilization promotes lipid oxidation and decomposition in fish while leading to significant variations in volatile substance profiles among different sterilization processes. Hexanal, pentanal, 2-methylbutanal, 3-pentanone, cyclohexanone, 3-hydroxybutan-2-one, and ethyl acetate were the major aroma compounds in the fish, and the highest levels were found in the samples from Group B. In conclusion, the organoleptic and flavor qualities of the samples at 115 ℃ for 14.7 min (Group B) were significantly better than those of the other sterilization conditions, and the degree of lipid oxidation was lower, which provides technical support for the fine processing of S. niphonius products.
Key words: Scomberomorus niphonius    Sterilization conditions    Organoleptic quality    Lipids    Volatile substances    Flavor    

蓝点马鲛鱼(Scomberomorus niphonius)又名鲅鱼,作为我国重要的海洋捕捞商业鱼类,广泛分布于渤海、黄海以及东海海域。2022年我国蓝点马鲛鱼总捕捞量为35.61万t,占我国海洋鱼类总捕捞量的3.75% (农业农村部渔业渔政管理局等, 2022)。蓝点马鲛鱼营养物质丰富、味道鲜美,深受消费者的喜爱。然而在加工贮藏过程中易受微生物、温度等外部环境的影响腐败变质而丧失商品价值。杀菌是保证产品品质、延长货架期的重要方式,但杀菌工艺的不合理,往往会影响食品的风味、质构和营养等品质。孔金花等(2022)研究发现,110 ℃、10 min杀菌工艺下小龙虾的弹性、硬度、咀嚼性保持较好,感官评分最高,且将4 ℃贮藏条件下的货架期延长至35 d。步营等(2019)研究了不同杀菌条件对酸辣花蛤酱品质的影响,研究表明,110 ℃、20 min是最佳杀菌条件,此条件下酸辣花蛤酱的杀菌效果较好,色泽变化小且挥发性风味物质损失少。因此,选择合适的杀菌条件是保证产品品质的重要前提。

据报道,肉类中的大多数挥发性风味化合物是通过美拉德反应、脂质热降解(氧化)和硫胺素热降解产生的(Bi et al, 2021)。其中,脂质的氧化降解是水产制品特征香气形成的主要途径,蓝点马鲛鱼由于其自身的不饱和脂肪酸含量较高,在杀菌过程中不饱和脂肪酸从脂质中释放出来进一步氧化成醛、酮、醇等挥发性物质,该类物质通常阈值较低,对产品的风味品质有显著影响。目前,关于不同杀菌条件对水产品中脂质和挥发性物质的研究相对较少,多集中在畜禽肉制品中,如Xie等(2022)发现,高温杀菌(121 ℃、20 min)显著提高了水煮鸭中的脂质氧化程度,并促进了其中油酸和亚油酸等不饱和脂肪酸的氧化分解,进一步生成醛、酮等挥发性化合物和风味前体。而Zhou等(2022)发现,商业杀菌后,符离集烧鸡中脂质氧化生成的挥发性物质的含量降低,如辛醛、2-庚酮、2-甲基-3-庚酮、1-戊醇等,导致符离集烧鸡香气、柠檬味和油味降低。由此可见,脂质变化对产品风味的形成起到重要作用。

基于此,本研究以蓝点马鲛鱼为研究对象,对比不同杀菌条件对蓝点马鲛鱼理化指标及挥发性物质的影响,以期在延长货架期的同时,减少杀菌过程对蓝点马鲛鱼风味、感官及营养品质的影响,为鱼类预制菜加工过程中的品质调控提供参考,同时丰富热杀菌水产品的风味形成的基础理论。

1 材料与方法 1.1 材料与试剂

新鲜蓝点马鲛鱼于2022年12月购于山东省青岛市崂山区埠西海鲜市场,挑选体长为(41.2±5.0) cm、体质量为(2.42±0.26) kg且体型完整的鱼用于实验。

硝酸、三氯甲烷、1, 1, 3, 4-四乙氧基丙烷、甲醇、高氯酸、无水硫酸钠、乙酸铜、95%乙醇、TritonX100等试剂均为分析纯,购于国药化学试剂(上海)有限公司;总胆固醇(TC)和甘油三酯(TG)试剂盒购于中生北控生物科技股份有限公司。

1.2 仪器与设备

MLS-3780型高压蒸汽杀菌器(SANYO公司,日本);LX-260台式真空包装机(湖南力行自动化设备有限公司);HH-4型数显恒温水浴锅(国华电器有限公司,英国);TA-XT plus型质构仪(Stable Micro System公司);PEN-3型电子鼻(Air sense公司,德国);N-1001型旋转蒸发仪EYELA (东京理化器械株式会社,日本);FlavourSpec®型气相色谱-离子迁移谱仪(G.A.S公司,德国)。

1.3 实验方法 1.3.1 样品制备

新鲜蓝点马鲛鱼去除头、尾及内脏后冷水冲洗去除血水,沥干水后将其均匀地分成8.0 cm×5.0 cm×2.0 cm大小的鱼块,装入符合GB/T 41168-2021标准的PET/AL/PA/CPP复合高温蒸煮袋内,真空包装。

蓝点马鲛肌肉pH接近中性且水分含量 > 70%,属于低酸性食品。对于低酸性鱼类罐头制品,以肉毒梭状芽孢杆菌为杀菌对象,肉毒杆菌芽孢的耐热性较高(D121.1 ℃=0.21 min),一般取F=12D121.1 ℃=2.52 min。FDA推荐F值为3 min,但各国通常依据自身需求适当提高安全系数。本研究结合生产实际情况,上浮20%的安全系数,即对应的F值为3.6 min,对应的杀菌参数分别为110 ℃、46.4 min (A组),115 ℃、14.7 min (B组)和121 ℃、3.7 min (C组),每组制备20个样品。

1.3.2 商业无菌检验

参照GB 4789.26-2013《食品安全国家标准食品微生物学检验商业无菌检验》进行保温实验。

1.3.3 感官评价

产品整体感官评价满分为10分,气味主要包括肉香味、油脂味和腥味等蓝点马鲛鱼所具有的特征风味;滋味主要包括鲜味、甜味、苦味和酸味。感官评定小组由8名经过感官品评培训的学生组成,评分标准见表 1

表 1 蓝点马鲛鱼感官评价标准 Tab.1 S. niphonius sensory evaluation criteria
1.3.4 总脂提取与脂质组成测定

根据Vasta等(2012)的方法,略作修改。将10.0 g碎鱼肉与100 mL氯仿和50 mL甲醇混合,搅拌均匀2 h,加入20%体积的去离子水,收集下层有机相,真空浓缩后收集最终脂质,置于–50 ℃冰箱中待测。

选用钼蓝比色法测定磷脂含量,称取0.1 g总脂与20 mL硝酸-高氯酸(4∶1, V/V)混合液混匀,湿法消化至无色,即为消化终点。消化好的溶液定容至50 mL。

将总脂用异丙醇-TritonX100 (9∶1, V/M)混合液稀释至浓度0.3~11.29 mmol/L范围内,按照试剂盒说明书测定样品中甘油三酯和总胆固醇的含量。

参照王善宇等(2022)的方法。将总脂用三氯甲烷溶解定容至50 mL,1 mL样液氮气吹干后与3 mL正庚烷混合,振荡60 s。加入1 mL铜试剂(5%乙酸铜溶液,吡啶调pH值至6.1),振荡120 s。静置10 min后取上层有机相于715 nm处波长测定OD值,同时以油酸作对照绘制标准曲线,计算游离脂肪酸含量。

1.3.5 脂质氧化测定

酸价(AV)测定参照GB 5009.229-2016《食品安全国家标准食品中酸价的测定》中热乙醇指示剂滴定法测定;过氧化值(POV)测定参照GB5009.227-2016《食品安全国家标准食品中过氧化值的测定》中滴定法测定;硫代巴比妥酸反应值(TBARS)测定参照GB 5009.181-2016《食品安全国家标准食品中丙二醛的测定》中分光光度法测定。

1.3.6 电子鼻测定

称取2.0 g鱼肉置于20 mL顶空进样瓶中。室温静置10 min后,采用PEN-3电子鼻对鱼肉进行检测。测定参数:清洗时间为120 s,气体流速为400 mL/min,采集时间为120 s。通过电子鼻内置软件进行数据处理。

1.3.7 挥发性物质测定

根据赵玲等(2021)的方法,略有修改,称取2.0 g鱼肉置于20 mL顶空进样瓶中。在60 ℃平衡20 min后,采用GC-IMS (气相色谱-离子迁移谱,gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry)进行自动顶空进样进行检测。GC条件:FS-SE-54-CB毛细管柱(15 m, 内径0.53 mm);柱温40 ℃;运行20 min;载气为N2,纯度≥99.999%。流速:初始2 mL/min;增加至5 mL/min,保持2 min;速度增至15 mL/min,维持8 min。速度增至50 mL/min,维持5 min。速度增至100 mL/min,维持5 min。IMS条件:IMS温度45 ℃,载气N2,纯度≥99.999%。通过对比NIST气相保留指数数据库和IMS迁移时间数据库对物质进行定性分析。采用LAV软件中的Gallery Plot功能绘制样品中的挥发性成分指纹图谱。

1.3.8 数据处理

采用SPSS 22.0软件中Duncan比较法进行数据分析,所有指标平行测定3次,结果以平均值±标准差(Mean±SD)表示。P < 0.05为差异显著。

2 结果与分析 2.1 商业无菌检验结果

将经不同杀菌条件处理后得到的各组样品在(36±1) ℃恒温培养箱内进行10 d的保温实验,观察胀袋情况。3组样品在不同杀菌条件下,均未发现有漏袋、胀袋情况的发生。同时拆包检验,pH无显著变化;样品性状完好、色泽正常、无腐败变质、无刺激性气味;样品涂片染色镜检未发现明显的微生物增殖现象,综上,可以判定不同杀菌条件均达到了杀菌的目的。

2.2 不同杀菌条件对蓝点马鲛鱼感官品质的影响

图 1可知,杀菌条件的变化对各组样品的感官品质造成显著影响。在色泽方面,杀菌后的各组样品间的色泽无明显差异。在质地方面,A组样品由于杀菌时间长,肌肉组织结构受到破坏,肌纤维断裂,肌肉相对软烂(孔金花等, 2022),而B组和C组样品的杀菌时间相对较短,减少了对鱼肉质地的破坏。而与此同时,滋味和气味在杀菌后变化最为显著(P < 0.05),推测与杀菌过程中鱼肉中的脂质、蛋白质等的分解赋予了鱼肉熟香气味和浓厚的滋味密切相关(Wang et al, 2022; Zhang et al, 2018),其中,B组样品的滋味和气味评分显著高于其他2组。整体上看,B组的总体可接受程度和感官评分明显高于其他2组,且色泽良好,香气浓郁,滋味丰富。

图 1 不同杀菌条件蓝点马鲛鱼感官评价雷达图 Fig.1 Radar chart of sensory evaluation of S. niphonius with different sterilization processes
2.3 不同杀菌条件对蓝点马鲛鱼总脂含量和脂质组成的影响

脂质是肉类和肉制品中的重要组成部分,对肉类的风味和香气起到重要作用,同时可以保持肉质的嫩度和多汁性(Amaral et al, 2018)。从表 2可以看出,蓝点马鲛鱼的总脂含量高达11.68%,表明蓝点马鲛鱼中含有丰富的脂质成分,甘油三酯(71.88%)、磷脂(15.49%)和游离脂肪酸(10.16%)是其脂质中的主要成分,而总胆固醇含量较低,仅占总脂的0.17%。总脂在杀菌后均显著低于对照组(P < 0.05),分别降低了0.63%,1.08%和1.48%,各组间差异显著,与脂质的热降解有关(王善宇等, 2023),表明其含量变化受到杀菌条件的影响。

表 2 不同杀菌条件对蓝点马鲛鱼总脂和脂质组成的影响 Tab.2 Effects of sterilization temperature on total lipids and lipid composition of S. niphonius /%

由表3可以发现,与对照组相比,杀菌组甘油三酯和磷脂含量显著降低(P < 0.05),二者的含量在杀菌后分别降低了1.77%、5.51%和7.51%以及0.71%、1.53%和2.7%,C组含量较A组和B组二者降低更多,这现象与杀菌温度和压力作用导致鱼肉细胞结构被破坏、脂质流失或分解成其他物质更加剧烈有关(Li et al, 2020)。甘油三酯和磷脂降低的同时,游离脂肪酸的含量显著增加,这与Gang等(2019)的研究一致。与此同时,二者在不同途径下氧化分解产生醛、酮、呋喃等挥发性物质,赋予鱼肉浓郁的熟香气味。胆固醇变化相对稳定。由此可以判定,脂质组成变化与杀菌时间、杀菌温度等条件存在密切联系。

2.4 不同杀菌条件下蓝点马鲛鱼脂质氧化情况

AV是衡量脂质水解程度的指标,其含量变化与游离脂肪酸的量有关(Azad et al, 2009)。由图 2a可知,A组样品在杀菌后显著升高,由1.78 mg/g上升2.47 mg/g,与杀菌过程中甘油三酯和磷脂等水解生成大量游离脂肪酸有关(王善宇等, 2023)。与对照组相比,B组和C组含量显著下降(P < 0.05),分别降低了0.45 mg/g和0.27 mg/g,这与游离脂肪酸作为风味前体物质,在杀菌过程逐渐氧化分解生成挥发性物质有关。

图 2 不同杀菌条件对蓝点马鲛鱼酸价(a)、过氧化值(b)和硫代巴比妥酸值(c)的影响 Fig.2 Effect of different sterilisation conditions on AV (a), POV (b), and TBARS (c) of S. niphonius

POV是测定初级氧化产物——过氧化物含量的理化指标。由图 2b可知,杀菌提高了鱼肉的POV含量,其中,B组变化最为显著,由0.85 meq/kg升高到2.23 meq/kg,A组和C组间无显著差异。这表明杀菌处理加速了样品的脂质氧化,而杀菌温度和杀菌时间的不同导致鱼肉的脂质氧化程度存在差异。

蓝点马鲛鱼中含有的大量不饱和脂肪酸,在杀菌过程中易氧化分解生成丙二醛(MDA)等与硫代巴比妥酸(TBA),适度的脂质氧化有利于鱼肉风味的形成。从图 2c可以看出,鱼肉经不同杀菌条件处理后,TBARS含量显著下降(P < 0.05),这可能是生成的脂质次级氧化产物MDA进一步分解生成小分子的醛、酮、酸等造成(王善宇等, 2021)。其中,A组的TBARS含量最低为(0.31 mg/kg),C组的TBARS含量最高(0.51 mg/kg),这与杀菌温度和时间存在显著相关(P < 0.05),杀菌时间越长,其含量降低越多。

2.5 不同杀菌条件对蓝点马鲛鱼气味和挥发性物质的影响 2.5.1 电子鼻

电子鼻作为一种模仿人类鼻子的气体传感器阵列,通过内置气体传感器可以对不同挥发性物质有不同的响应,能够有效识别气味的轮廓(Hu et al, 2021)。选用主成分分析(principal component analysis, PCA)法进行数据分析,可以用样品中的几个主成分因子来表示原始样本中许多复杂且难以发现的变量,分析它们之间的关系(Li et al, 2019)。由图 3可知,PC1和PC2的贡献率分别为90.93%和4.81%,总贡献率达到95.74%,覆盖了大部分样品的信息,这表明杀菌前后蓝点马鲛鱼的气味轮廓能够很好地呈现。对照组与杀菌后样品的距离较远,这是由于杀菌导致鱼肉中的醛、酮、酯和其他挥发性化合物形成,从而造成样品间气味差异,与宋玉申等(2022)的结果一致。此外,3种杀菌样品的位置未发生重叠,可以很好地区分不同杀菌条件处理的蓝点马鲛鱼肉。

图 3 不同杀菌条件蓝点马鲛鱼气味轮廓PCA分析图 Fig.3 PCA analysis of S. niphonius odour profiles for different sterilization conditions
2.5.2 GC-IMS

为比较分析不同杀菌条件处理后蓝点马鲛鱼风味物质的差异性,该研究通过Gallery Plot软件生成了不同杀菌条件处理后鱼肉的指纹图谱。由图 4可知,在鱼肉中共检测到22种挥发性物质,包括醛类7种、酮类5种、醇类4种、酯类3种、酸类2种和呋喃1种,其中,庚醛、己醛及1-辛烯-3-醇等是对照组中的主要挥发性物质。鱼肉经不同杀菌条件处理后,戊醛、异戊醛、丁醛、3-羟基丁-2-酮和丙酸乙酯等物质的信号强度明显增强,并且这些物质在不同杀菌样品中的含量具有明显差异,说明杀菌条件显著影响了鲅鱼气味。

图 4 不同杀菌条件下蓝点马鲛鱼挥发性物质指纹图谱 Fig.4 Fingerprints of volatile substances of S. niphonius under different sterilization conditions 0、1、2和3分别表示对照组、A组、B组和C组;M: 单体物质;D: 二聚体。 0, 1, 2, and 3 were the control group, group A, group B, and group C, respectively. M: Monomeric substance; D: Dimer.

醛类物质是鲅鱼中主要的气味物质,其阈值较低,对鱼肉风味的形成有较大影响。由图 4可知,庚醛和己醛在新鲜鲅鱼中含量较高,其通常来源于新鲜鱼肉中亚油酸或亚麻酸的自动氧化降解,具有青草香气,是水产品的主要腥味来源(Wu et al, 2014)。在杀菌后二者含量均下降,说明杀菌有效减少了鲅鱼中令人不愉快的腥味。同时,杀菌后戊醛、2-甲基丁醛、(E)-2-己烯醛、(E)-戊烯醛和丁醛等在鱼肉中的含量明显增加。其中,戊醛是在C组样品中含量较高,其主要来源于亚油酸氢过氧化物的热降解反应(Zang et al, 2020)。同样,反-2-己烯醛和反-2-戊烯醛也是多不饱和脂肪酸氧化降解产物(顾赛麒等, 2019),其在B组中含量显著高于其他杀菌组。并且,研究表明,烯醛类物质可以进一步促进氨基酸Strecker反应,使支链醛类物质含量增加(Hidalgo et al, 2004),因此,B组中2-甲基丁醛含量较高。另外,Gao等(2023)研究表明,长时间加热处理可使脂肪氧化产物进一步氧化降解为更短链的产物,这也是丁醛在A组鱼肉中含量较高的原因。通常,戊醛带有类似坚果、巧克力香味,烯醛类物质具有青草香和油脂香(徐永霞等, 2021),2-甲基丁醛具有令人愉悦的水果香气,为杀菌后的鱼肉赋予了香甜的气息(Bi et al, 2021)。然而,丁醛具有刺激气味,可降低鱼肉气味喜爱度。

酮类通常由脂质的氧化和氨基酸的Strecker降解产生(Zhang et al, 2020),能够赋予产品独特的香气和果味,同时对消减腥味有一定的贡献(顾赛麒等, 2019)。酮类物质在所有样品中均有检出,2-辛酮和2-庚酮在新鲜鱼肉中含量较高,而杀菌后鱼肉中酮类物质主要为更短链的3-戊酮和环己酮。3-羟基丁-2-酮是一种美拉德反应中间产物,其含量在杀菌后明显升高。然而,酮类物质阈值较高,对鱼肉风味影响较小。

醇类一般来源于不饱和脂肪酸自动氧化反应,具有温和的植物香气。在新鲜鲅鱼中检测出高含量的3-呋喃甲醇、1-辛烯-3-醇、1-戊醇和1-丙醇,说明醇类是新鲜鲅鱼的主要气味物质,这与Huang等(2019)研究结果一致。杀菌后,醇类物质含量显著降低,仅在B组中检测到高丰度的Z-3-己烯-1-醇。相较于饱和醇类,不饱和醇类物质阈值较低,对鱼肉风味影响较大(Wang et al, 2022)。1-辛烯-3-醇具有蘑菇和土腥味,是鱼肉中腥味来源之一。其含量的降低再次说明高温杀菌可有效降低鲅鱼腥味。另外,(Z)-3-己烯-1-醇可赋予了鱼肉黄瓜和西瓜般的香气(Prost et al, 1998),对鱼肉风味的提升起到积极作用。

酯类物质通常由短链脂肪酸和醇类酯化形成,具有令人愉悦的果香和甜味,可显著降低水产品腥味。由图 4可知,酯类物质仅在杀菌鱼肉中检出,主要包括丙酸乙酯、乙酸丙酯和乙酸乙酯。并且,酯类物质在3组杀菌鱼肉的含量分布为A > B > C,表明酯类物质的含量随着杀菌时间的增加而增加。

在鱼肉中检测出的己酸和乙酸是鱼肉风味的基本组成物质。己酸多来源于不饱和脂肪酸的氧化(Chen et al, 2023),带有类似羊膻的气味,在杀菌后其含量显著降低。而杀菌后乙酸的形成可能与高温下发生的美拉德反应有关(Luo et al, 2021)。与酮类物质类似,酸类物质阈值较高,对鱼肉风味影响较小。

综上,新鲜鲅鱼中挥发性物质主要以醇类和醛类为主,其中,己醛、庚醛和1-辛烯-3-醇等低阈值物质是鱼肉腥味的主要来源。杀菌后,腥味物质含量显著降低,而戊醛、2-甲基丁醛、E-2-己烯醛、E-2-戊烯醛、Z-3-己烯-1-醇、丙酸乙酯、乙酸丙酯和乙酸乙酯含量显著增加,成为热杀菌鱼肉中主要气味物质,赋予鱼肉油脂香、坚果香和果香。并且B组杀菌条件有效增强挥发性物质浓度,使得鱼肉气味更加浓郁。而A组中杀菌时间过长,使得丁醛含量较高,产生令人不愉快的刺激气味。虽然C组杀菌温度高,杀菌时间短,使得气味物质含量较低,鱼肉气味较为平淡。

3 结论

蓝点马鲛鱼在不同杀菌条件处理后的质地、滋味和气味等感官评分均发生显著变化,其中,115 ℃、14.7 min (B组)样品评分变化最为显著。杀菌后样品中总脂、甘油三酯和磷脂含量均显著降低(P < 0.05),游离脂肪酸含量显著升高(P < 0.05),其中,121 ℃、3.7 min (C组)变化更为显著。杀菌促进了脂质的水解氧化,POV含量显著升高(P < 0.05),AV和TBARS含量变化受杀菌条件的影响显著,其中,110 ℃、46.4 min (A组)样品变化最为显著。电子鼻能够有效区分不同杀菌样品的气味特征,且各组存在明显差异。杀菌处理促进了鱼肉中风味物质的生成,采用GC-IMS在杀菌前后样品中鉴定出22种挥发性物质,己醛、异戊醛、3-戊酮、环己酮、3-羟基丁-2-酮和乙酸乙酯等是熟鱼肉中的主要风味物质,且在115 ℃、14.7 min (B组)中的含量最高。综上,115 ℃、14.7 min (B组)杀菌处理提升了鱼肉的整体可接受程度,更好地保持了鱼肉的质构特性,脂质损失相对较少,提升了产品的风味品质。

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