渔业科学进展  2025, Vol. 46 Issue (3): 12-26  DOI: 10.19663/j.issn2095-9869.20240529001
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引用本文 

彭家宝, 汪紫嫣, 杨志刚, 陈阿琴. 斑马鱼SIRT基因家族分析及其在卵泡不同发育时期的表达[J]. 渔业科学进展, 2025, 46(3): 12-26. DOI: 10.19663/j.issn2095-9869.20240529001.
PENG Jiabao, WANG Ziyan, YANG Zhigang, CHEN Aqin. Analysis of the SIRT Gene Family of Danio rerio and Its Expression at Different Developmental Stages of Follicles[J]. Progress in Fishery Sciences, 2025, 46(3): 12-26. DOI: 10.19663/j.issn2095-9869.20240529001.

基金项目

财政部和农业农村部国家现代农业产业技术体系项目(CARS-48)资助

作者简介

彭家宝,Email: 2770213943@qq.com

通讯作者

陈阿琴,副教授,Email: aqchen@shou.edu.cn

文章历史

收稿日期:2024-05-29
收修改稿日期:2024-06-18
斑马鱼SIRT基因家族分析及其在卵泡不同发育时期的表达
彭家宝 1,2, 汪紫嫣 1,2, 杨志刚 1,2,3, 陈阿琴 1,2     
1. 上海海洋大学 水产科学国家级实验教学示范中心 上海 201306;
2. 上海海洋大学 水产种质资源发掘与利用教育部重点实验室 上海 201306;
3. 上海海洋大学 农业农村部鱼类营养与环境生态研究中心 上海 201306
摘要:Sirtuins (SIRT)是一类NAD+依赖性Ⅲ类去乙酰化酶家族,广泛参与生物体各项生理活动,特别是在卵巢发育方面发挥着重要作用。本研究运用生物信息学方法系统分析斑马鱼(Danio rerio) SIRT家族基因的染色体分布、基因结构、氨基酸序列、蛋白基序和保守结构域、理化性质、二级结构和三级结构及系统进化关系,并探究在卵泡不同发育时期的表达变化。结果显示,斑马鱼8个SIRT基因分布于斑马鱼的8条染色体上,序列长短不一,最长为SIRT6 (140 265 bp),最短为SIRT4 (7 101 bp),编码区为3~14个不等。斑马鱼SIRT氨基酸序列相似度较低,但都具有Sir2保守结构域和保守基序。斑马鱼SIRT蛋白均为亲水性蛋白,除SIRT3外,均为不稳定蛋白。亚细胞定位预测显示,斑马鱼SIRT家族蛋白主要定位于细胞质和细胞核。系统进化分析表明,斑马鱼SIRT1SIRT2SIRT3.2SIRT4与金鱼(Carassius auratus)、青鳉(Oryzias latipes)具有共线性关系。蛋白互作网络(PPI)预测发现,SIRT蛋白与雌激素受体(ESR1)、叉头盒转录因子家族(FOXOs)、热休克蛋白家族(HSPs)、超氧化物歧化酶家族(SODs)等具有相互作用。实时荧光定量PCR分析显示,在卵泡发育过程中,SIRT1SIRT2主要在卵黄发生中期(MV)表达;SIRT3SIRT4主要在充分生长未成熟期(FG)表达;SIRT3.2SIRT5SIRT6SIRT7主要在成熟期(GVBD)表达。本研究阐明了斑马鱼SIRT基因家族进化发育关系、结构功能特征以及在卵泡发育过程中的表达规律,可为进一步研究SIRT家族在鱼类卵泡发育过程中的作用提供参考。
关键词斑马鱼    SIRT基因家族    卵泡发育    生物信息学    
Analysis of the SIRT Gene Family of Danio rerio and Its Expression at Different Developmental Stages of Follicles
PENG Jiabao 1,2, WANG Ziyan 1,2, YANG Zhigang 1,2,3, CHEN Aqin 1,2     
1. National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China;
2. Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China;
3. Center for Research on Environmental Ecology and Fish Nutrition of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
Abstract: SIRT family is a NAD+ dependent class Ⅲ deacetylase family, which is involved in the modification of histone or non-histone proteins. In addition to having deacetylase, some members of the SIRT family also have ADP-ribosylase and other activities, which play an important role in the regulation of energy metabolism and oxidative stress resistance. The SIRT family exists widely in prokaryotes and eukaryotes and is mainly divided into five classes. SIRT1–SIRT3 is class Ⅰ, SIRT4 is class Ⅱ, SIRT5 is class Ⅲ, SIRT6 and SIRT7 are class Ⅳ, and class U exists only in the SIRT family from archaea to bacteria. The number and distribution of SIRT genes vary among different organisms. All members of the SIRT family have been shown to be expressed in mammalian ovaries and are widely involved in the regulation of ovarian development, including meiosis regulation, energy metabolism, mitochondrial quality control, maintenance of redox homeostasis, and hormone secretion. In this study, bioinformatics methods were used to systematically analyze the chromosome distribution, gene structure, amino acid sequence, protein motifs and conserved domains, physical and chemical properties, subcellular localization, secondary and tertiary structures, phylogenetic relationships, and protein interaction networks of zebrafish SIRT family genes and to explore their expression changes at different developmental stages of follicles. The results showed that eight SIRT genes were distributed on eight chromosomes of Zebrafish, the sequence length was different [the longest was SIRT6 (140, 265 bp) and the shortest was SIRT4 (7, 101bp)], and the coding regions ranged from 3 to 14. The amino acid sequence similarity of zebrafish SIRT protein was low, and the 10 most conserved motifs were predicted. The adjacent homologous genes in the same branch had nearly the same motif composition, with the number of motifs varying among branches. Among the 10 motifs, motif 2, motif 3, and motif 5 were found in all zebrafish SIRT amino acid sequences, indicating that these protein motifs are highly conserved during development. Conserved domain analysis showed that all SIRT1-7 proteins contained the Sir2 domain. Analysis of physical and chemical properties of proteins showed that SIRT1 had the highest molecular weight, encoding 710 amino acids, whereas SIRT5 had the lowest molecular weight, encoding 305 amino acids. The isoelectric points ranged from 4.88 to 9.60, and all of them were hydrophilic proteins. Except SIRT3, the rest were unstable proteins. Subcellular localization prediction showed that SIRT1, SIRT4, SIRT5, and SIRT7 were located in the cytoplasm/nucleus, SIRT3.2 in the cytoplasm, SIRT6 in the nucleus, SIRT2 in the cytoskeleton, and SIRT3 in mitochondria. Secondary structure analysis showed that the SIRT family proteins had similar secondary structure, and α-helix and random curling were the main components of the protein secondary structure. The tertiary structure prediction showed that the SIRT protein family had zinc finger and Rossmann fold structures. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the fish SIRT family could be divided into three branches. The first branch consisted of three subbranches, in which SIRT1 and SIRT2 were isolated and SIRT3 and SIRT3.2 were clustered into one branch. The second largest branch consisted of SIRT4 and SIRT5, which were clustered separately into one branch. The third branch consisted of SIRT6 and SIRT7, each of which is a separate branch. The eight SIRT proteins of Zebrafish had low homology and were distributed far in the evolutionary tree. Compared with other species, zebrafish SIRT1 is closely related to rainbow trout SIRT1, whereas other family members are closely related to goldfish and electric eel SIRT. Furthermore, four family members (SIRT1, SIRT2, SIRT3.2, and SIRT4) showed collinearity between blue killifish and zebrafish, while the other family members except SIRT6 showed collinearity between goldfish and zebrafish. In addition, zebrafish SIRT4 and SIRT5 showed collinearity with two genes of goldfish. PPI prediction showed that SIRT proteins interact with ESR1, FOXOs, SOD, HSPs, etc. Real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR analysis showed that SIRT1 and SIRT2 were mainly expressed at the midvitellogenic (MV) stage during follicular development. SIRT3 and SIRT4 were mainly expressed at the full-grown immature (FG) stage. SIRT3.2, SIRT5, SIRT6, and SIRT7 were mainly expressed at the germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD) stage. In summary, this study used bioinformatics methods for the first time to analyze chromosome localization, gene structure, amino acid sequences, physical and chemical properties, subcellular localization prediction, phylogenetic characteristics, PPI network prediction, and follicle expression at different developmental stages of zebrafish SIRT gene family. The results showed that the gene structure and amino acid sequences of eight members of the Zebrafish SIRT family were different, but all had a Sir2 conserved domain and similar protein structure. Phylogenetic analysis suggested that there may be replication or fusion events among SIRT gene family members in different species. SIRT is expressed in zebrafish follicles at different developmental stages with different expression patterns, suggesting that the SIRT plays an important role in the regulation of follicle development, providing a reference for further functional studies as well as the study of the complex molecular regulatory network of fish follicle development.
Key words: Danio rerio    SIRT gene family    Follicular development    Bioinformatics    

Sirtuins(SIRT)是一类烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸(NAD+)依赖性组蛋白去乙酰化酶(HDACs)家族,以首次在酿酒酵母(Saccharomyces cerevisiae)中被发现的Sir2p (一种组蛋白去乙酰化酶)命名(Braunstein et al, 1993; Ivy et al, 1985; Klar et al, 1979)。SIRT参与修饰组蛋白或非组蛋白,除具有去乙酰化酶外,有些成员还具有ADP-核糖基化酶等活性,在调节能量代谢、抵抗氧化应激等方面发挥着重要作用(Imai et al, 2000; Landry et al, 2000; Zhao et al, 2004)。SIRT家族广泛存在于原核生物和真核生物中,主要分为5类,SIRT1~SIRT3为Ⅰ类,SIRT4为Ⅱ类,SIRT5为Ⅲ类,SIRT6和SIRT7为Ⅳ类,U类只存在于古细菌到细菌的SIRT基因家族(Frye, 2000; Greiss et al, 2009)。不同生物的SIRT基因数和分布不尽相同,例如酿酒酵母中有4个家族成员,家蚕(Bombyx mori)有5个家族成员,西方蜜蜂(Apis mellifera)有6个家族成员,哺乳动物中有7个家族成员(Frye, 2000; Greiss et al, 2009; 宋文菲等, 2023)。而在硬骨鱼类中SIRT有8个家族成员(Pereira et al, 2011; Opazo et al, 2023),除SIRT1~SIRT7外,还包括SIRT3.2。

McBurney等(2003)研究发现,Sir2α在小鼠(Mus musculus)生殖器官中高度表达,并且首次利用Sir2α敲除小鼠模型发现其不育的生殖缺陷表型,自此,SIRT在繁殖方面的作用受到广泛关注。目前,SIRT家族各成员均已被证明在哺乳动物卵巢中表达,广泛参与调控卵巢发育,涉及减数分裂调控、能量代谢、线粒体质量控制、维持氧化还原稳态以及激素分泌等多个方面(Ma et al, 2018; Cinco et al, 2016; Xu et al, 2019ab; Zhang et al, 2016)。SIRT家族成员在雌性小鼠产后23 d内卵泡中的表达具有显著性差异,其中,SIRT1SIRT4SIRT6表达量随产后天数增加显著降低,SIRT5表达量先显著升高后显著降低,其他成员无显著变化(Kong et al, 2020)。SIRT家族已被发现在斑马鱼(Danio rerio)卵巢组织中高度表达(Pereira et al, 2011),但有关其在卵泡生长发育中较为系统的研究尚未报道。

本研究运用生物信息学方法分析斑马鱼SIRT基因家族8个成员的染色体定位、基因结构、氨基酸序列、二级和三级结构以及系统进化特征,并利用实时荧光定量PCR技术研究斑马鱼SIRT基因家族在卵泡发育不同时期的表达规律,旨在为SIRT基因家族在斑马鱼卵泡发育过程中的功能研究提供参考。

1 材料与方法 1.1 斑马鱼SIRT基因家族染色体定位及结构分析

根据Pereira等(2011)的研究结果,对斑马鱼8个SIRT基因进行生物信息学分析。从NCBI (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/)数据库中下载斑马鱼基因组序列和注释文件(GCF_000002035.6),使用TBtools (Chen et al, 2020)可视化SIRT基因家族在染色体上的位置、基因结构和保守结构域,蛋白基序使用MEME(http://meme-suite.org/index.html)预测。使用Jalview(Waterhouse et al, 2009)对斑马鱼SIRT蛋白家族氨基酸序列进行多重序列比对。使用SOPMA (https://npsa-prabi.ibcp.fr/cgi-bin/npsa_automat.pl?page=npsa%20_sopma.html)分析蛋白二级结构,三级结构使用SWISS-MODEL (https://swissmodel.expasy.org/)预测。

1.2 斑马鱼SIRT基因家族理化性质分析及亚细胞定位预测

使用ExPASy (http://web.expasy.org/protparam/)预测斑马鱼SIRT家族蛋白的理化性质,通过Cell-PLoc 2.0 (http://www.csbio.sjtu.edu.cn/bioinf/Cell-PLoc-2/)预测SIRT基因的亚细胞定位。

1.3 SIRT基因家族系统发育分析

挑选18个物种的SIRT蛋白氨基酸序列用于构建系统发育树,氨基酸序列来自于NCBI数据库(表 1)。使用MEGA 11.0(Tamura et al, 2021)软件中的邻接法(Saitou et al, 1987)构建系统发育树。采用iTOL (https://itol.embl.de/)在线工具对系统发育树进行美化。

表 1 系统发育树构建中使用的SIRT氨基酸序列 Tab.1 SIRT amino acid sequences used in phylogenetic tree construction
1.4 斑马鱼SIRT基因家族蛋白互作网络分析

通过STRING数据库(https://string-db.org/)分析斑马鱼SIRT家族蛋白相互作用网络(PPI),使用Cytoscape 3.10.1对PPI进行分析和美化(Shannon et al, 2003)。

1.5 样品采集

实验斑马鱼在斑马鱼自动循环水养殖系统中养殖,水温为(28.0±0.5) ℃,光照周期为14 h光照∶10 h黑暗循环,每天用鲜活的卤虫投喂2次。取同一繁殖周期健康、性成熟的斑马鱼,置于冰上冷冻麻醉,断头处死后将卵巢移除,置于60% Leibovitz-15培养液(Gibco)中,将8~10条雌鱼的卵泡小心地用眼科镊子分离,解剖显微镜下用目镜测微尺测定卵泡细胞直径。根据不同发育时期卵泡直径,将卵泡分为初级生长期(PG,< 0.15 mm);卵黄发生前期(PV,~0.25 mm);卵黄发生早期(EV,~0.35 mm);卵黄发生中期(MV,~0.45 mm);充分生长未成熟期(FG,~0.65 mm);成熟期(GVBD,> 0.65 mm)(Wang et al, 2004)。采集获得以上6个时期卵泡(n=3,每个生物学重复至少含有50个卵泡)。置于–80 ℃冰箱保存用于RNA提取。

1.6 实时荧光定量PCR

使用AG RNAex Pro RNA提取试剂盒(艾科瑞) 提取不同发育时期卵泡总RNA。使用微量分光光度计NanoDrop 1000检测RNA浓度与纯度,并通过琼脂糖凝胶电泳检测RNA质量。取1 µg总RNA为模板,按照Evo M-MLV反转录试剂盒(艾科瑞)说明书进行反转录获得cDNA。使用Primer-blast软件设计引物(表 2),以β-actin为内参基因,参照SYBR Green Premix Pro Taq HS qPCR试剂盒(艾科瑞)说明书,使用ABI 7500 Real Time PCR仪进行实时荧光定量PCR (qPCR)分析,使用2–ΔΔ CT法(Livak et al, 2001)计算斑马鱼不同发育时期卵泡中SIRT基因家族的相对表达量,结果用平均值±标准差(Mean±SD)表示。

表 2 用于qPCR的引物序列 Tab.2 Sequence of primers used for qPCR
1.7 数据分析

使用SPSS 26.0对数据进行单因素方差分析(one- way ANOVA),采用LSD法进行多重比较,P < 0.05表示具有显著性差异。使用GraphPad Prism 9软件绘图。

2 结果与分析 2.1 斑马鱼SIRT基因家族的染色体分布

斑马鱼SIRT基因家族8个成员分别位于斑马鱼的2、6、7、13、15、18、20及22号染色体上(图 1)。

图 1 SIRT家族基因在斑马鱼染色体的分布 Fig.1 Distribution of SIRT family genes in chromosome of D. rerio
2.2 斑马鱼SIRT家族基因结构分析

基因结构分析显示(图 2),SIRT家族成员基因结构差异很大,序列最长的是SIRT6 (140 265 bp),最短的是SIRT4 (7 101 bp)。SIRT2具有最多的外显子数(17个),SIRT4的外显子数最少(5个)。此外,蛋白质编码区最少的是SIRT4 (3个),最多的是SIRT2 (14个)。虽然SIRT2SIRT6的5′UTR分布在2个外显子上,但长度明显短于3′UTR。

图 2 斑马鱼SIRT家族基因结构 Fig.2 Structure of SIRT family genes in D. rerio
2.3 斑马鱼SIRT基因家族氨基酸序列分析

氨基酸序列比对发现,斑马鱼SIRT基因家族的氨基酸序列相似度仅为20.29% (图 3),相似序列集中在特有的保守基序上,例如GAGxSx、xxPxxR、PxxxH、QNxDxL、xxHGxx和GxSxxx。通过预测得到斑马鱼SIRT蛋白最保守的10个基序(图 4),处于同一分支的旁系同源基因存在近乎相同的motif组成,而各分支之间基序的数量存在差异。10个motif中,motif 2、motif 3和motif 5在所有的斑马鱼SIRT氨基酸序列中均出现,表明这些蛋白基序在发育过程中具有很高的保守性。保守结构域分析结果显示,SIRT1-7蛋白均含有Sir2结构域(图 4)。

图 3 斑马鱼SIRT蛋白家族氨基酸多序列比对 Fig.3 Multiple alignments of the amino acid sequences of SIRT protein family from D. rerio
图 4 斑马鱼SIRT蛋白家族蛋白基序和保守结构域分析 Fig.4 Protein motifs analysis and conserved domain analysis of SIRT protein family in D. rerio A:保守基序;B:保守结构域;C:保守基序序列 A: Conserved motifs; B: Conserved domain; C: Conserved motif sequence
2.4 SIRT蛋白家族理化性质和亚细胞定位预测

对斑马鱼SIRT蛋白理化性质及亚细胞定位预测显示(表 3),SIRT1分子质量最大,编码710个氨基酸,SIRT5分子质量最小,编码305个氨基酸。等电点为4.88~9.60,且均为亲水性蛋白。除SIRT3外,其余为不稳定蛋白。SIRT1、SIRT4、SIRT5和SIRT7定位于细胞质/细胞核,SIRT3.2定位于细胞质,SIRT6定位于细胞核,SIRT2定位于细胞骨架,SIRT3定位于线粒体。

表 3 斑马鱼SIRT蛋白理化性质和亚细胞定位 Tab.3 Physicochemical properties and subcellular localization of SIRT protein family in D. rerio
2.5 SIRT蛋白家族二级结构和三级结构预测

利用SOPMA网站对斑马鱼SIRT家族8个蛋白的二级结构进行分析(表 4)。分析结果表明SIRT家族蛋白二级结构相似,α-螺旋和无规则卷曲是蛋白质二级结构的主要组成部分。

表 4 斑马鱼SIRT蛋白家族的二级结构预测 Tab.4 Prediction analysis of secondary structure of SIRT protein family in D. rerio

利用SWISS-MODEL在线网站预测三级结构的结果表明(图 5),SIRT蛋白家族均具有锌指结构和Rossmann折叠结构。拉氏图结果显示,除SIRT1外,其他SIRT家族成员三级结构90%以上的氨基酸位于核心区,说明SWISS-MODEL构建的三级结构模型良好。

图 5 斑马鱼SIRT蛋白家族的三级结构预测 Fig.5 Prediction of tertiary structure of SIRT protein family in D. rerio
2.6 SIRT基因家族系统发育和共线性分析

系统发育进化树分析发现(图 6),鱼类SIRT家族可以划分为3大分支,第一大分支包含3个小分支,其中,SIRT1SIRT2分别单独一支,SIRT3SIRT3.2聚为一支;第二大分支包括SIRT4SIRT5,二者分别单独聚为一支;第三分支包括SIRT6SIRT7,二者分别单独为一支。斑马鱼8个SIRT蛋白同源性较低,在进化树上分布较远。与其他物种比较而言,斑马鱼SIRT1与虹鳟(Oncorhynchus mykiss)SIRT1在进化关系上较近,而其他家族成员均与金鱼(Carassius auratus)和电鳗(Electrophorus electricus) SIRT进化关系最近。

图 6 SIRT蛋白家族系统发育树 Fig.6 Phylogenetic tree of SIRT protein family

进一步研究SIRT蛋白家族的进化关系,选择金鱼和青鳉(Oryzias latipes)与斑马鱼进行物种间共线性分析。结果显示,青鳉与斑马鱼之间有4个家族成员(SIRT1SIRT2SIRT3.2SIRT4)具有共线性,而金鱼和斑马鱼之间除SIRT6外,其他家族成员均具有共线性,斑马鱼SIRT4SIRT5分别与金鱼的2个基因具有共线性(图 7)。

图 7 斑马鱼、金鱼和青鳉之间共线性分析 Fig.7 Collinearity analysis between species of D. rerio, C. auratus, and O. latipes
2.7 蛋白相互作用网络预测结果

通过STRING数据库构建SIRT蛋白的PPI网络,表明SIRT蛋白家族内部之间均具有较强的相互作用,SIRT3.2与SIRT1、SIRT4、SIRT5、SIRT6存在明显的相互作用。此外,SIRT蛋白家族与雌激素受体(ESR1)、叉头盒转录因子家族(FOXOs)、热休克蛋白家族(HSPs)、超氧化物歧化酶家族(SODs)、过氧化物增殖酶体(PPARγ)、线粒体相关蛋白(MFN1、MFN2、OPA1、TFAM)、肿瘤抑制因子(P53)等之间均有相互作用关系(图 8)。

图 8 SIRT蛋白相互作用网络 Fig.8 The network of protein interacted with SIRT protein
2.8 SIRT基因家族在不同卵泡发育时期表达分析

在斑马鱼卵母细胞发育过程中,SIRT基因家族所有成员在卵泡各发育时期均有表达(图 9)。SIRT1SIRT2在PG期、PV期和EV期表达量较低,在MV期显著增加(P < 0.05),随后在FG期和GVBD期减少,其中,SIRT1在MV期表达量显著高于其他各时期(P < 0.05)。SIRT3SIRT4在PG期、PV期、EV期和MV期表达量较低,在FG期显著增加(P < 0.05),随后在GVBD期减少,其中,SIRT3在FG期表达量显著高于其他各时期(P < 0.05)。SIRT3.2SIRT5SIRT6SIRT7呈现出逐渐升高的表达趋势,都在GVBD期表达最高,其中,SIRT3.2在GVBD期显著高于其他时期(P < 0.05);SIRT5在MV期、FG期和GVBD期显著高于PG期和PV期(P < 0.05);EV期、FG期和GVBD期SIRT6的表达量显著高于PG期和PV期(P < 0.05);GVBD期SIRT7的表达量显著高于PG期和FG期(P < 0.05)。

图 9 斑马鱼SIRT基因家族在不同卵泡发育时期表达水平 Fig.9 Expression levels of SIRT gene family of zebrafish at different follicle development stages 不同小写字母表示差异显著(P < 0.05)。 Different lowercase letters indicate significant difference (P < 0.05).
3 讨论 3.1 斑马鱼SIRT基因家族系统进化特征

SIRT基因家族广泛存在于几乎所有物种中(Frye, 20001999),但在不同物种中其家族成员数目具有差异。例如原核生物的枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)中仅有1种,酿酒酵母中有4种,人类中有7种(Frye, 1999)。在硬骨鱼类中,花斑裸鲤(Gymnocypris eckloni) (倪伟琳等, 2024)和金头鲷(Sparus aurata) (Simó- Mirabet et al, 2017)被发现有7种,而在斑马鱼(Pereira et al, 2011)和象鲨(Callorhinchus milii) (Opazo et al, 2023)中均发现还有SIRT3.2。染色体定位发现,斑马鱼SIRT基因家族成员均位于不同的染色体上。哺乳动物中,SIRT基因家族在系统进化树中分为4个分支,SIRT1SIRT2SIRT3为ClassⅠ,SIRT4为ClassⅡ,SIRT5为ClassⅢ,SIRT6SIRT7为ClassⅣ(Sharma et al, 2013)。与哺乳动物略有不同,斑马鱼SIRT4SIRT6SIRT7为同一支,SIRT5单独为一支,这一结果与花斑裸鲤SIRT基因家族进化模式相同(倪伟琳等, 2024)。此外,与象鲨SIRT3.2 (Opazo et al, 2023)相同的是,斑马鱼SIRT3.2SIRT3也属于同一分支,因此也属于ClassⅠ。系统发育分析结果发现,斑马鱼SIRT基因家族与金鱼距离最近,与另一种模式生物青鳉距离较远,进而选择斑马鱼、金鱼和青鳉进行物种间共线性分析,发现斑马鱼与金鱼相较于青鳉具有更多的共线性基因对,进一步证明斑马鱼SIRT基因家族与金鱼的同源性更高。此外,共线性分析还发现斑马鱼SIRT4SIRT5分别与金鱼2个基因具有共线性,说明在进化过程中SIRT4SIRT5可能发生复制或融合事件。值得注意的是,Kabiljo等(2019)在弗氏假鳃鳉(Nothobranchius furzeri)中发现,SIRT5具有2个旁系同源基因(SIRT5aSIRT5b)。以上结果表明,SIRT基因家族具有高度同源性,在进化过程可能伴随着复制或融合事件,提示其家族成员在生物体发育过程中发挥着不同的重要功能,并且SIRT基因家族成员在硬骨鱼类中的数量仍然值得进一步探究。

3.2 斑马鱼SIRT基因家族结构和功能特征

在哺乳动物中,SIRT1的基因结构通常是最长的,最短的是SIRT4或者SIRT5(Moniot et al, 2012)。硬骨鱼类中,金头鲷SIRT6基因最短(Simó-Mirabet et al, 2017)。在本研究中,斑马鱼SIRT4基因最短,而SIRT6基因长达140 265 bp,其内含子序列较长。与其他物种相似,斑马鱼SIRT1氨基酸序列最长,SIRT5最短。氨基酸序列比对分析结果表明,斑马鱼SIRT与花斑裸鲤(倪伟琳等, 2024)、西方蜜蜂(宋文菲等, 2023)、家蚕(陈聪等, 2014)的保守结构域十分相似,都具有SIRT家族的Sir2或Sir2超家族保守结构域。Sir2结构域的催化核心由2个大小不同的结构域组成,大的结构域由Rossmann折叠组成,是许多NAD和NADP结合酶的特征结构域;小的结构域包含1个螺旋构件和1个锌指结构,大小2个结构域之间形成的裂缝为NAD+的结合位点(Finnin et al, 2001; Michishita et al, 2005; Bruzzone et al, 2013)。本研究中,斑马鱼SIRT蛋白家族结构均具有明显的2个结构域,因此,具有NAD+依赖性催化酶活性。以上分析结果说明,斑马鱼SIRT家族各成员序列具有其家族最基本的结构域,但家族成员之间序列结构具有明显差异性,推测它们能够结合不同的底物发挥不同的酶活性,进而行使不同的生物学功能。

哺乳动物中,SIRT蛋白主要定位于细胞核、细胞质和线粒体(Jin et al, 2007, Guan et al, 2011; 李杰等, 2022)。斑马鱼SIRT蛋白家族亚细胞定位预测结果与花斑裸鲤(倪伟琳等, 2024)基本相同,SIRT1、SIRT4、SIRT5和SIRT7定位于细胞质/细胞核,SIRT6定位于细胞核,SIRT3.2定位于细胞质,SIRT2可能定位于细胞骨架,SIRT3可能定位于线粒体。不同的亚细胞定位结果预示着SIRT在不同细胞器中扮演着不同的角色。PPI分析显示,斑马鱼SIRT蛋白可能与ESR1、FOXOs、HSPs、SODs、PPARγ、P53以及线粒体相关蛋白(MFN1、MFN2、OPA1和TFAM)有相互作用,也说明SIRT可能参与调节雌激素分泌、氧化还原稳态以及线粒体动力学。

3.3 斑马鱼SIRT基因家族在卵泡不同发育时期的表达分析

有研究表明,在体外培养时,添加SIRT的抑制剂烟酰胺,会导致小鼠(Riepsamen et al, 2015)和猪(Zhang et al, 2015)的卵母细胞减数分裂异常。而在体外成熟时,添加SIRT激活剂白藜芦醇能显著提高小鼠(Liu et al, 2013)、牛(Khan et al, 2017)和猪(Li et al, 2016)的卵母细胞质量,说明SIRT对雌性动物卵母细胞发育具有调控作用。本研究对斑马鱼卵泡不同发育时期的SIRT基因表达量进行分析,发现其家族成员的表达模式具有差异性。其中,SIRT1SIR2在MV期表达量最高,推测其可能参与卵黄发生过程;SIRT3SIRT4在FG期表达量最高,推测其可能参与调控卵母细胞成熟;而SIRT3.2SIRT5SIRT6SIRT7均在GVBD期表达作用最高,推测其可能在成熟期发挥重要作用。研究发现,适量浓度的白藜芦醇通过增强小鼠卵巢颗粒细胞SIRT1的表达,提高了促黄体生成素受体(LHCGR)、类固醇合成急性调节蛋白(StAR)和芳香化酶的mRNA水平,促进了孕激素(P4)的分泌(Morita et al, 2012)。敲除SIRT2(Zhang et al, 2014)、SIRT6(Han et al, 2017)和SIRT7(Vazquez et al, 2019)均会导致α-微管蛋白(α-tubulin)和组蛋白的乙酰化水平升高,进而使得卵母细胞减数分裂异常、卵泡发育受阻。此外,SIRT家族还能通过调节卵巢储备以及卵泡能量代谢、氧化还原稳态、线粒体动力学、自噬等过程调控卵泡发育(房晓欢等, 2019; 徐德军等, 2022)。以上研究结果均表明,SIRT家族基因在调控卵泡发育过程中发挥着重要的生物学功能,而其在硬骨鱼类中的具体功能还有待进一步的探究。

4 结论

综上所述,本研究首次运用生物信息学方法对斑马鱼SIRT基因家族进行了染色体定位、基因结构分析、氨基酸序列分析、理化性质分析、亚细胞定位预测、系统进化分析、PPI网络预测以及卵泡不同发育时期的表达分析。结果表明,斑马鱼8个SIRT家族成员的基因结构和氨基酸序列均存在差异,但都具有Sir2保守结构域,蛋白结构相似。系统进化分析提示,不同物种之间SIRT基因家族成员可能存在复制或融合事件。SIRT在斑马鱼卵泡不同发育时期均有表达,并且呈现不同的表达规律,推测其在调节卵泡发育过程中发挥重要作用。本研究可为进一步的功能研究及鱼类卵泡发育复杂的分子调控网络研究提供参考。

(编辑冯小花)

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