小黄鱼gfpt1基因克隆及其对高温胁迫和变形假单胞菌感染的响应
doi: 10.19663/j.issn2095-9869.20250311004
刘浩文1 , 刘四芳1 , 李倩3 , 张天乐2 , 朱家杰4 , 俞晓平1 , 楼宝2 , 刘峰2
1. 中国计量大学生命科学学院 浙江 杭州 310018
2. 浙江省农业科学院水生生物研究所/ 全省近岸生物种质资源保护与利用重点实验室 浙江杭州 310021
3. 浙江海洋大学国家海洋设施养殖工程技术研究中心 浙江 舟山 316022
4. 宁波大学海洋学院 浙江 宁波 315832
基金项目: 浙江省“三农九方”科技计划(2025SNJF096)、国家自然科学基金(32102765)和浙江省重点研发计划(2021C02055) 共同资助
Cloning of the gfpt1 Gene in Larimichthys polyactis and Its Response to High-Temperature Stress and Pseudomonas plecoglossicida Infection
LIU Haowen1 , LIU Sifang1 , LI Qian3 , ZHANG Tianle2 , ZHU Jiajie4 , YU Xiaoping1 , LOU Bao2 , LIU Feng21
1. College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018 , China
2. Institute of Hydrobiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Science/Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Coastal Biological Germplasm Resources Conservation and Utilization, Hangzhou 310021 , China
3. National Engineering Research Center for Marine Aquaculture, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022 , China
4. School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315832 , China
摘要
夏季频发的高温以及养殖过程中变形假单胞菌(Pseudomonas plecoglossicida)引起的内脏白点病已成为制约小黄鱼(Larimichthys polyactis)养殖业发展不容忽视的问题。谷氨酰胺果糖 -6-磷酸转氨酶-1 (gfpt1)基因是信号转导和应激响应的关键调节因子。为探究 gfpt1 基因在小黄鱼对高温胁迫和变形假单胞菌感染过程中的响应特征,本研究首次克隆获得小黄鱼 gfpt1 基因的 CDS 序列,序列长度为 2049 bp,编码 682 个氨基酸,含有 PLN02981 super family 保守结构域,同源序列比对发现,其与大黄鱼(Pseudosciaena crocea)相似性最高,达 99.37%。荧光定量检测发现,gfpt1 基因在各组织中广泛表达,但表达量具有组织差异性,肝脏中的表达量显著高于其他组织。通过荧光定量 PCR 技术检测 32 ℃高温胁迫和变形假单胞菌感染不同时间小黄鱼肝脏中 gfpt1 表达水平变化发现,高温胁迫导致 gfpt1 表达量显著增加,随着高温处理时间的延长,基因表达量呈先升高后降低的变化趋势,6 h 时的表达量最高;变形假单胞菌感染同样导致 gfpt1 表达量发生显著变化,感染后 6 h 的基因表达量显著低于对照组,随着感染时间的延长,表达量逐渐上升,48 h 时达到最高,此时显著高于对照组,随后表达量逐渐降低,至 96 h 时,其表达量显著低于对照组,说明 gfpt1 在小黄鱼响应高温胁迫和病原菌侵染过程中发挥了一定的调节作用,但二者响应机制存在明显不同。本研究揭示了小黄鱼肝脏中 gfpt1 在响应高温胁迫和变形假单胞菌感染的表达变化特征,研究结果为深入解析鱼类响应高温胁迫、病原菌感染等过程中的生理调节机制奠定了重要基础。
Abstract
The small yellow croaker (Larimichthys polyactis), a commercially important marine species in the Sciaenidae family, has historically been recognized as one of China's "four major marine products" because of its cultural heritage and economic value. Following breakthroughs in artificial breeding protocols in 2015, this species attained large-scale aquaculture viability by 2020. However, its sustainable production faces critical challenges due to emerging environmental stressors, particularly recurrent marine heat waves exceeding physiological thresholds and Pseudomonas plecoglossicida-induced visceral white nodule disease (VWND), which collectively cause high mortality rates under severe conditions. These pressures necessitate urgent exploration of molecular adaptation mechanisms to safeguard aquaculture sustainability. The fish liver, a pivotal organ for xenobiotic detoxification and immunological regulation, exhibits heightened sensitivity to environmental perturbations, making it a strategic biomarker organ for physiological stress studies. Glutamine-fructose-6-phosphate transaminase-1 (GFPT1), the rate-limiting enzyme in the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway (HBP), governs cellular metabolism by regulating the biosynthesis of UDP-GlcNAc, an essential substrate for N-linked protein glycosylation. Through this mechanism, GFPT1 ensures the proper folding of stress-responsive chaperones and maintains endoplasmic reticulum (ER) homeostasis via the unfolded protein response (UPR). Dysregulation of GFPT1 disrupts UPR-mediated autophagy-apoptosis homeostasis, establishing its role as a master regulator of immunometabolic adaptation. Notably, gfpt1 emerged as a hub gene in both high-temperature tolerance quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping and transcriptomic analysis of P. plecoglossicida-infected L. polyactis, suggesting its evolutionary importance in stress resilience. To characterize gfpt1 responses to heat stress and pathogen challenge, we successfully cloned and annotated the full-length complete coding sequence (CDS) of L. polyactis gfpt1 via E. coli-based cloning, revealing a 2,049-bp CDS encoding a 682-amino acid protein with conserved PLN02981 superfamily domains critical for enzymatic activity. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated high sequence conservation (99.37% identity) with its congener, Larimichthys crocea, highlighting the evolutionary conservation of enzymatic function. Quantitative real-time PCR (RT-qPCR) analysis utilizing β-actin as an internal reference gene demonstrated constitutive gfpt1 expression across all examined tissues (brain, intestine, muscle, gill, liver, kidney, spleen, skin, and heart), with expression levels in the liver being significantly higher compared to those in other organs (P<0.05), consistent with the liver's evolutionary role as a metabolic command center in teleosts. To characterize stress-specific gfpt1 dynamics, two experimental approaches were implemented: a high-temperature challenge model comparing 32℃ heat stress versus 20 ℃ ambient controls, with liver sampling at 0, 6, 12, and 24 h post-exposure, and a P. plecoglossicida-infected model with liver sampling at 0, 6, 12, 24, 48, 72, and 96 h post-injection. The results showed that, under 32℃ heat stress, sustained gfpt1 upregulation (P<0.05) was observed in liver tissue, peaking at 6 h post-exposure. However, no significant temporal differences were detected among sampling time points (6–24 h, P>0.05). In contrast, P. plecoglossicida infection induced dynamic gfpt1 expression oscillations: initial downregulation at 6 h post-infection (P<0.05), followed by upregulation, which peaked at 48 h (P<0.05), transient normalization at 12, 24, and 72 h, and final downregulation at 96 h (P<0.05). These divergent expression patterns demonstrate that gfpt1 mediates divergent molecular pathways in L. polyactis under abiotic (high-temperature) and biotic (pathogenic) stresses, highlighting its dual regulatory roles in stress adaptation and immune modulation. The 6 h post-exposure expression amplitude and 48 h post-infection surge establish hepatic gfpt1 as a quantifiable biomarker for high-temperature resilience prediction and VWND outbreak alerts, respectively, providing actionable metrics for IoT-integrated aquaculture health monitoring systems. The current findings establish gfpt1 as a biomarker for aquaculture health monitoring and thermal resilience prediction, offering critical insights into teleost stress response mechanisms and strategies for sustainable mariculture. These results provide valuable insights for addressing key challenges in L. polyactis aquaculture and advance our knowledge of the stress response mechanisms in marine teleosts.
小黄鱼(Larimichthys polyactis)是一种重要的经济鱼类,其肉质鲜美、营养丰富(储天琪等,2022),广泛分布于我国黄海、东海和渤海以及朝鲜半岛西海岸(谭鲁玉等,2018),位列我国传统“四大海产”之一(Zeng et al,2017),具有显著的生态与产业价值。然而,过度捕捞及栖息地退化导致小黄鱼野生种群资源锐减(Kim et al,2016),亟需开展人工繁育,实现种质资源保护。小黄鱼人工繁殖技术于 2015 年取得突破(陈睿毅等,2016),2020 年成功实现规模化养殖(Chen et al,2022)。随着养殖范围的不断扩大,环境因素和病害引发的问题日益凸显。高温常常对鱼类代谢系统(Olsvik et al,2013)、免疫系统(Bagath et al,2019)、氧化–抗氧化系统(Belhadj et al,2014)以及神经系统(Leon et al,2015)等多方面造成影响。高温胁迫导致鱼体肝脏发生氧化应激,产生一系列抗氧化反应的转录调控(Dettleff et al,2022),造成肝脏病理性损伤(Ma et al,2023)和细胞调亡加剧(何雨等,2024)等。
小黄鱼与其他海水养殖鱼类一样,易暴发由变形假单胞菌(Pseudomonas plecoglossicida)引起的内脏白点病(visceral white-nodules disease,VWND),通常造成大面积死亡(Bai et al,2022),极大限制了小黄鱼养殖业的高质量发展。有研究发现,内脏白点病致病菌的毒性与温度有一定关联,Huang 等(2019)在大黄鱼(Larimichthyus crocea)的研究中发现,在不同温度下,变形假单胞菌的 amyA 等毒力相关基因发生了差异表达;周琳等(2015)研究发现,虽然变形假单胞菌可引发大黄鱼患内脏白点病,但仅在 16~20℃下致病;Tang 等(2019)通过不同温度下变形假单胞菌的转录组比较分析发现,该病菌的毒力发生变化,这或许表明小黄鱼对于高温胁迫响应以及内脏白点病抵抗能力的分子机制有一定的关联。在小黄鱼抗内脏白点病性状 QTL 定位研究中,所获得的 Ptenmap2k6Chmp 等基因通过调节细胞凋亡与自噬来应对内脏白点病的感染,而 arg1 通过调节精氨酸代谢来降低炎症反应的损伤(Li et al,2024);而在小黄鱼的近缘物种大黄鱼中也发现与自噬凋亡、炎症调控密切相关的 MAPK 信号通路可能在其内脏白点病抗性中发挥着关键作用(Bai et al,2023);并且感染变形假单胞菌会导致大黄鱼出现严重的炎症反应(Chen et al,2025),从而诱导细胞自噬进程以缓解炎症(Cao et al,2024)。
鱼类肝脏具有解毒、免疫防御等作用,与应激反应密切相关(Li et al,2017),其作为鱼类的重要营养代谢器官,对于机体建立生理生化平衡以应对环境和物理干扰至关重要(Aguilar et al,2022),极易受到环境因素变化的影响(Cheng et al,2023),常被用作环境监测和应激反应研究的生物靶标(Li et al,2022)。谷氨酰胺果糖-6-磷酸转氨酶-1(GFPT1)由 gfpt1 基因编码,该基因首次于 1992 年从人体中克隆得到完整 cDNA 序列(McKnight et al,1992),是己糖胺生物合成途径(HBP)中的首个限速酶(Holland et al,2024),参与葡萄糖代谢,承担着糖基化前体的代谢功能。HBP 以葡萄糖、谷氨酰胺以及脂肪酸为底物,在第一个限速步骤中,GFPT 将葡萄糖代谢后的果糖-6-磷酸(F-6-P)与细胞内的谷氨酰胺共同催化生成 6-磷酸葡萄糖胺(GlcN-6-P),而后经过一系列反应后生成 HBP 过程的终产物尿苷二磷酸-N-乙酰葡糖胺(UDP-GlcNAc)(Nabeebaccus et al,2021)。有研究表明,GFPT 是未折叠蛋白反应(UPR)的介质,该酶的缺失会导致 UPR 受影响,造成自噬减少、细胞凋亡增加(Zhang et al,2024),可以认为 GFPT 参与了生理免疫应答调节(Cao et al,2024)。在小黄鱼耐高温性状 QTL 定位分析研究中,成功筛选到 gfpt1 为响应高温胁迫的关键基因(Liu et al,2025)。因此,gfpt1 基因在小黄鱼遭受高温胁迫、病原菌感染的过程中均承担了一定的生理功能。但目前 gfpt1 基因在水产动物中的研究鲜见报道。
为了阐明 gfpt1 基因在小黄鱼应对高温胁迫和病原菌感染过程中的响应特征,本研究克隆获得小黄鱼 gfpt1 序列,并对其进行生物信息学分析。通过荧光定量检测揭示小黄鱼肝脏组织中 gfpt1 响应高温胁迫和病原菌感染的表达变化特征。研究结果将为深入解析小黄鱼响应高温胁迫、病原菌感染等过程中的生理调节机制奠定重要基础,也为小黄鱼耐高温、抗病育种以及解析相关分子调节机制提供基础资料和理论支撑。
1 材料与方法
1.1 样品采集
实验用小黄鱼来自象山港湾水产苗种有限公司(浙江宁波)网箱养殖群体,取规格较为整齐、体表无伤、体质健壮、体重为(45.20±12.42)g 的个体 180 尾,养殖于 6 个 0.3 m3 容积的圆形养殖桶中,每桶 30 尾鱼,暂养 7 d,养殖水温(20.0±0.5)℃,每天早晚各投喂 1 次人工配合饲料,并于投喂后 30 min 左右通过虹吸法清除桶底粪便、残饵,换水 2/3 以保持水体洁净。实验开始前 24 h 停止投喂,将 6 桶实验鱼随机分为 2 组,分别命名为高温组(HT)和对照组(CT),每组 3 个平行。CT 组在(20.0±0.5)℃的自然水温下持续饲养。高温组通过功率 1 000 W 的智能变频加热板将养殖水温以 2℃/h 的速率从 20℃升高至 32℃,并维持此温度。待达到设定的目标温度后,分别在第 0、 6、12 和 24 小时时取对照组与高温组小黄鱼,每个平行各 5 尾,丁香酚麻醉后,快速解剖取肝脏组织,液氮速冻后保存于–80℃冰箱,备用。同时,取对照组脑、肠、肌、鳃、肝、肾、脾、皮肤和心脏 9 个组织液氮速冻后–80℃冰箱保存,备用。
取规格整齐、体表无伤、体重为(41.81±10.11)g 的小黄鱼 180 尾进行变形假单胞菌感染实验,实验鱼分为 6 桶,暂养 7 d,暂养水温为(18.0±0.5)℃,其余养殖管理同上,实验开始前 24 h 停止饲喂。在攻毒实验开始时,将 6 桶实验鱼随机分为 2 组,分别命名为攻毒组(TL)和对照组(CL),每组 3 个平行,采用腹腔注射法进行攻毒实验。将变形假单胞菌菌株在 TSA 固体培养基中活化,TSB 液体培养基中 28℃振荡过夜。用菌落形成单位 CFU/mL 计算菌液浓度。实验开始后,攻毒组小黄鱼逐尾腹腔注射 0.5 mL 1×103 CFU/mL 的变形假单胞菌菌液。对照组腹腔注射不含细菌的 TSB 0.5 mL。分别在注射后 6、12、24、 48、72 和 96 h 时,取对照组与攻毒组小黄鱼,每个平行各 3 尾,共取 9 尾。丁香酚麻醉后,快速解剖取肝脏组织液氮速冻后保存于–80℃冰箱,备用。
1.2 RNA 提取与 cDNA 合成
使用 Trizol 法(储天琪等,2022)提取组织总 RNA,采用 Hifair® Ⅲ 1st Strand cDNA Synthesis SuperMix for qPCR 试剂盒(上海翌圣生物科技股份有限公司)合成 cDNA,得到的 cDNA 溶液于–20℃保存备用。
1.3 引物设计与合成
以小黄鱼基因组序列(GenBank No. GCA_ 040670005.1)中 gfpt1 的 CDS 序列作为参考在 NCBI-Primer-Blast 中设计克隆所需引物,以克隆获得的 CDS 为参考序列,设计荧光定量所需引物,提交至生工生物工程(上海)股份有限公司进行引物合成。荧光定量所用内参基因为β-actin,所用引物序列列于表1
1引物信息
Tab.1Primer information
1.4 小黄鱼 gfpt1 基因 cDNA 全长克隆
以小黄鱼肝脏 cDNA 为模板,扩增目的基因序列, PCR 体系为 25 μL(cDNA 1.0 μL,gfpt1-F1.0 μL, gfpt1-R 1.0 μL,Mix 12.5 μL,ddH2O 9.5 μL)。扩增程序: 94℃ 3 min;94℃ 30 s,60℃ 30 s,72℃ 2 min(35 个循环);72℃ 10 min。使用 1.2%的琼脂糖凝胶电泳检测扩增产物,采用 SanPrep 柱式 DNA 胶回收试剂盒(生工生物,上海)割胶回收,确认浓度合格后与 pESI-T 载体连接,再转化到 DH5α 感受态细胞后选取阳性克隆菌株送生工生物工程(上海)股份有限公司测序。
1.5 小黄鱼 gfpt1 基因序列生物信息学分析
获得其基因序列后,通过 NCBI 在线比对 gfpt1 序列与其他物种同源性;采用 NCBI ORF finder(http ://www .ncbi .nlm .nih .gov/gorf/gorf.html)寻找开放阅读框,使用 DNAMAN软件将其翻译成氨基酸序列; SignalP-5.0(https ://services.healthtech.dtu.dk/services/ SingnalP-5.0/)软件预测信号肽序列;ProtParam(http :// web.expasy.org/protparam/)预测蛋白质分子质量与等电点; SOPMA(http ://npsa-prabi.ibcp.fr/cgi-bin/nps_ automat.pl?page=npsa_sopma.html)和 SWISS(http :// www.swissmodel.expasy.org/)预测蛋白二级结构和三级结构;NCBI-BLAST 中的 CD-search 预测保守结构域;Cell-ploc 2.0(http ://www .csbio.sjtu.edu.cn/bioinf/ Cell-PLoc-2/)预测蛋白亚细胞定位;利用 MEGA11 构建系统进化树。
1.6 gfpt1 基因表达特征分析
以小黄鱼常温组的肝脏 cDNA 为模板,依次稀释 5 倍,制成 5 个浓度梯度,每个浓度梯度设置 3 个技术重复,采用 SYBR Green 法进行实时荧光定量 PCR(RT-qPCR),检测目的引物是否合格(标准曲线: R2 >0.9,扩增效率=0.9~1.1)。以 β-actin 作为内参基因,采用 2–ΔΔCt 法分析各目的基因相对表达量。RT-qPCR 体系共 20 μL:SYBR Green Master Mix 10 μL,ddH2O 8 μL,上、下游引物各 0.5 μL,cDNA 模板 1 μL。反应程序如下:94℃初始变性 30 s;40 个循环,94℃ 变性 5 s,60℃变性 30 s,72℃变性 10 s,共 40 个循环。相关数据和图形由 GraphPad Prism 9 进行处理。利用 SPSS 26.0 软件进行单因素方差分析(one-way ANOVA),采用 Duncan 法进行组间的多重比较分析。
2 结果
2.1 gfpt1 基因克隆及序列分析
成功克隆得到小黄鱼 gfpt1 基因完整 CDS 序列2 049 bp,序列信息已提交至 NCBI GenBank 数据库(Gene ID: PQ682467),其编码的 682 个氨基酸序列特征性结构域注释显示,整个氨基酸序列(1~682 aa)归属于 PLN02981 超家族保守结构域。生物信息学解析显示,该蛋白相对分子量为 76.745 kDa,理论等电点(pI)为 6.15,未检测到典型信号肽序列。蛋白理化性质分析显示,该蛋白由 20 种氨基酸构成,其不稳定指数达 44.96,亲水性总平均值为–0.195,可判定为不稳定亲水蛋白类别(图1)。通过 Cell-Ploc 2.0 亚细胞定位预测系统分析,显示该蛋白主要定位于细胞质。
1小黄鱼 gfpt1 基因的 CDS 序列及所预测的氨基酸序列
Fig.1CDS sequence and predicted amino acid sequence of gfpt1 gene in small yellow croaker
黑色下划线为保守结构区域。
The black underline is the conserved structure region.
在预测的 GFPT1 蛋白二级结构中,α-螺旋占 42.52%、延伸链占 17.30%、无规则卷曲占 40.18%(图2A)。SWISS-MODEL 预测结果显示,小黄鱼GFPT1 的三级蛋白结构与大黄鱼、模式生物斑马鱼(Danio rerio)和人类(Homo sapiens)GFPT1 的三级蛋白结构具有高度空间构象相似性(图2B)。
2小黄鱼 gfpt1 序列编码的蛋白二级结构(A)和三级结构(B)预测
Fig.2Prediction of secondary structure (A) and tertiary structure (B) of gfpt1 sequence encoded protein in L. polyactis
蓝色:a 螺旋;紫色:延伸链;黄色:无规则卷曲
Blue: Alpha helix; Purple: Extended chain; Yellow: Random curling
2.2 gfpt1 基因序列比对与系统进化树分析
表2为小黄鱼 gfpt1 序列与其他鱼类同源性分析结果。小黄鱼 gfpt1 序列与其他鲈形目(Perciformes)鱼类的相似性均在 87%以上,其中,与大黄鱼的相似性最高,为 99.37%。使用 gfpt1 基因序列基于邻接法构建系统进化树,以探究小黄鱼与其他物种之间 gfpt1 基因的进化关系.结果显示,脊椎动物 gfpt1 基因呈现显著的系统发育簇分化,其中,鱼类分支与以人类为代表的哺乳纲及以热带爪蟾(Xenopus tropicalis)为代表的两栖纲显示出显著的进化距离。在鱼类进化节点中,系统发育拓扑结构显示,小黄鱼与大黄鱼形成亲缘关系最近的 2 个姐妹分类群,鲈形目物种(包含石首鱼科等)构成典型进化聚类,与鳉形目(Cyprinodontiformes)物种如白沙鳉(Cyprinodon tularosa)、食蚊鱼(Gambusia affinis)形成独立进化支。这与生物学亲缘关系相吻合(图3)。
2小黄鱼 gfpt1 序列与其他物种同源性分析
Tab.2Homology analysis of gfpt1 sequence in small yellow croaker with other species
3gfpt1 基因不同物种进化分析
Fig.3Evolutionary analysis of gfpt1 gene in different species
2.3 gfpt1 基因组织表达差异分析
RT-qPCR 检测发现,gfpt1 mRNA 在小黄鱼肝脏中呈现显著高表达特性,其相对表达量较其他组织(脑、肠、肌肉、鳃、肾、脾、皮肤及心脏)高出 3 倍以上(P<0.05),说明该基因主要在肝脏中承担生理功能、参与生化过程(图4)。
2.4 小黄鱼 gfpt1 基因在肝脏中对高温胁迫的响应表达
利用 RT-qPCR 检测 32℃高温胁迫后小黄鱼肝脏组织中 gfpt1 mRNA 表达量发现,水温上升至 32℃时(即 0 h),gfpt1 表达量即显著高于对照组,随着高温胁迫时间的延长,小黄鱼肝脏中 gfpt1 基因表达量呈先上升而后下降的变化趋势,但在各时间点之间基因表达变化未达到显著差异水平。值得注意的是,所有高温处理组的基因表达量均显著高于对照组(P<0.05),证实 gfpt1 在肝脏高温胁迫响应中具有持续性激活特征(图5)。该表达模式提示,gfpt1 可能通过上调表达参与高温胁迫保护机制。
4gfpt1 基因在小黄鱼各组织中的表达
Fig.4Relative expression of gfpt1 gene in various tissues of small yellow croaker
B:脑;I:肠道;M:肌肉;G:鳃;L:肝脏;K:肾脏;Sp:脾脏;Sk:皮肤;H:心脏。不同字母表示组间差异显著(P<0.05)。下同。
B: Brain; I: Intestinal tract; M: Muscle; G: Gill; L: Liver; K: Kidney; Sp: Spleen; Sk: Skin; H: Heart. Different letters indicate significant difference (P<0.05) . The same below.
2.5 小黄鱼 gfpt1基因在肝脏中对变形假单胞菌感染的响应表达
测定变形假单胞菌感染后不同时间的小黄鱼肝脏组织中 gfpt1 mRNA 表达量,发现感染后 6 h 基因表达量显著低于对照组。此后,随着感染的持续,基因表达量逐渐上升,在 48 h 时表达量达到最高,并且显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。48 h 后基因表达量逐渐下降且在 96 h 时下降至显著低于对照组的水平。其中,gfpt1 在感染后 12、24 和 72 h 三个时间点的表达量与对照组相比无显著差异(图6)。
5小黄鱼肝脏 gfpt1 对高温胁迫的响应表达
Fig.5Response expression of liver gfpt1 in small yellow croaker to high temperature stress
6小黄鱼肝脏 gfpt1 对攻毒实验的响应表达
Fig.6Relative expression of liver gfpt1 in small yellow croaker in response to challenge test
3 讨论
有研究指出,脊椎动物中的 GFPT 蛋白家族大多为酸性蛋白,且 gfpt1 主要在细胞质中表达(Wei et al,2022);人体中克隆得到的 gfpt1 基因共编码 681 个氨基酸,分子量为 77 kDa(McKnight et al,1992)。本研究中,小黄鱼 GFPT1 蛋白相对分子量为 76.745 kDa,属于胞质表达的酸性蛋白,结果与已报道的 GFPT1蛋白特性相似。但草菇(Volvariella volvacea)(Luo et al,2009)GFPT 蛋白含有 697 个氨基酸,与小黄鱼体内 gfpt1 基因所编码的氨基酸数目存在差异,这说明动植物之间该蛋白的氨基酸序列具有差异性。基因序列相似性比对发现,小黄鱼的 gfpt1 基因与其他几种鲈形目鱼类的相似性均在 87%以上,而与其近缘物种大黄鱼的序列相似性最高(99.37%)。在蛋白三级结构比对中,小黄鱼与大黄鱼、斑马鱼以及人类的 GFPT1 蛋白结构高度相似,表明其在不同物种中可能具有类似的生物学功能(王辰元等,2015)。肝脏作为鱼类主要的代谢及免疫器官(章孝颖等,2021),在各类胁迫下常被作为研究的靶标器官。本研究发现,gfpt1 在肝脏中表达量显著高于其他组织,这一现象提示其在肝脏代谢和免疫响应中可能发挥关键作用。
水温被认为是影响鱼类生存和生长的最重要环境因素之一(Besson et al,2016)。随着全球气候变化,夏季频发的持续高温已成为鱼类养殖所面对的一项严峻挑战(Ma et al,2023)。研究表明,高温对鱼类肝脏的影响作用非常明显,如虹鳟(Oncorhynchus mykiss)遭受高温胁迫时,其肝脏组织受到严重损害(Wang et al,2016);高温胁迫造成大菱鲆(Scophthalmus maximus)肝脏细胞发生凋亡(Jia et al,2020);大口黑鲈暴露在 33℃以上持续 6 h,肝脏的组织形态发生损伤,肝细胞开始凋亡,内质网应激通路被激活(Zhao et al,2022)。小黄鱼响应高温胁迫的肝脏转录组与蛋白组联合分析发现,差异表达基因/蛋白富集于“内质网中的蛋白质加工”通路(Liu et al,2023),这一结果与大口黑鲈(Yu et al,2023)、卵形鲳鲹(Trachinotus ovatus)(Li et al,2023)等鱼类的研究结果一致。内质网(endoplasmin reticulum,ER)在真核细胞中是蛋白质合成的主要场所。当细胞遭受胁迫后,内质网稳态失衡,触发内质网应激(ERS)和 UPR(Sozen et al,2015)。在本研究中,32℃高温胁迫导致小黄鱼肝脏组织中 gfpt1 mRNA 表达量持续显著上调,说明小黄鱼在面对高温胁迫时,可能通过增强 gfpt1 活性,促进 UPR 反应,从而参与到小黄鱼的应激响应和代谢调节,进而维持肝脏功能稳定。有研究表明,在高温胁迫条件下,ERS 及 UPR 更为显著(Zhao et al,2022),而 gfpt1 对维持 UPR 下的蛋白质稳态和减轻内质网应激至关重要(Zhang et al,2024)。小黄鱼耐高温性状的 QTL 和 GWAS 联合定位分析中,筛选到 gfpt1 为耐高温性状相关候选基因,其在高温胁迫下显著上调(Liu et al,2025),本研究在证实该结果的基础上,细化了高温胁迫不同时间的基因表达变化情况,进一步说明其在高温胁迫过程中发挥了重要的调节作用。gfpt1 基因的上调可增加 HBP 反应中 UDP-GlcNAc 的生成(Boehmelt et al,2000),从而促进蛋白质的正确糖基化(Wang et al,2014),维持细胞的稳态。这表明 gfpt1 在小黄鱼响应高温应激的过程中发挥了重要作用。
目前影响小黄鱼养殖效益的因素,除了持续高温,日益严重的病害问题同样不容忽视。由变形假单胞菌感染引起的内脏白点病导致患病鱼的肝脏、脾脏、肾脏等内脏器官出现约 0.5~3.0 mm 的白色结节(Li et al,2020)。通过病理学分析发现,患病个体肝脏组织表现为炎性细胞浸润、组织坏死以及空泡化,病变组织中也观察到了病理性结节的形成(张丹枫等,2017)。内脏白点病相关研究在大黄鱼(Peng et al,2024)、罗非鱼(Oreochromis mossambicus)(Dong et al,2019)、斜带髭鲷(Hapalogenys nitens)(李慧耀等,2023)、尖吻鲈(Lates calcarifer)(Sun et al,2020)等鱼类中已有报道。已有研究表明,内脏白点病会在鱼类肝脏中引起炎症反应(邱杨玉等,2012),而自噬在炎症反应中发挥重要作用,通过影响炎症细胞(如巨噬细胞、中性粒细胞和淋巴细胞)的存活、发育和稳态在炎症反应中发挥重要作用(Qian et al,2017)。此外,Shang 等(2024)研究发现,自噬可能在调节慢性炎症肉芽肿的形成中发挥关键作用。鱼类在感染变形假单胞菌后出现的白色结节可认为是肉芽肿,因此可以推测,自噬的失控可能会导致小黄鱼对内脏白点病的抗性更低。 GFPT 是 UPR 反应的介质,该酶的缺失会导致 UPR 受影响,造成自噬减少、细胞凋亡增加(Zhang et al,2024);此外,GFPT 的抑制表达会削弱先天免疫免疫能力(Xia et al,2024)。因此,可以认为 gfpt1 的缺失会削弱小黄鱼对内脏白点病的抵抗能力。有研究表明,在 UPR 反应期间,剪切后的 X-box 结合蛋白 1(spliced X-box binding protein 1,Xbp1-s)是 UPR 中最保守的信号传感器,是 HBP 的直接转录激活因子,Xbp1-s 可以诱导 gfpt1 的表达,从而增加 UDP-GlcNAc 的生成,增强蛋白质的正确糖基化(Wang et al,2014),已证实 UDP-GlcNAc 所参与的修饰可以显著减轻由于 UPR 激活所引起的细胞凋亡(Palorini et al,2013);此外,已证实 UDP-GlcNAc 所参与的蛋白 O-GlcNAc 糖基化过程对于 T 细胞的谱系稳定性及效应功能至关重要(Liu et al,2019),当 gfpt1 基因表达发生异常变化引起 HBP 过程的紊乱后,会导致 T 细胞功能失调,进而造成自身免疫缺陷或者免疫逃逸的出现(Tang et al,2024)。在本研究对病原菌感染实验后的小黄鱼肝脏 gfpt1 响应模式探究中发现,该基因 mRNA 表达量相较于对照组表现出下调–上调–下调的动态响应。这可能是由于感染初期肝脏内生理环境的稳态被破坏,先天免疫受损,而随着时间推移,机体逐渐适应并启动修复机制,使 gfpt1 表达量上升以减少错误折叠蛋白的积累,提升细胞对病原侵害的耐受能力;当病情加重使得肝脏稳态被破坏、机体免疫能力下降后则表现为基因的下调表达。这一结果为理解 gfpt1 基因在小黄鱼抗病原菌感染过程中的具体作用提供了重要线索。此外,gfpt1 基因在不同感染阶段的表达变化,揭示了其在抗感染过程中的动态调控机制,为深入研究小黄鱼免疫防御机制提供了重要线索。因此, gfpt1 基因在小黄鱼应对高温胁迫和内脏白点病这两种环境压力中扮演重要角色,这揭示了其在小黄鱼耐高温、抗病分子调节机制中具有潜在重要研究价值。
4 结论
本研究首次在小黄鱼中克隆验证了 gfpt1 基因序列,明确其肝脏中的表达量显著高于其他组织。研究 32℃高温胁迫、变形假单胞菌感染条件下小黄鱼肝脏中 gfpt1 基因的响应表达模式,得出高温胁迫和病原菌感染条件下 gfpt1 的表达量变化特征。研究结果丰富了水产动物耐高温、抗病相关分子基础研究内容,为进一步解析水产动物耐高温、抗病分子调节机制解析提供了重要基础资料。
1小黄鱼 gfpt1 基因的 CDS 序列及所预测的氨基酸序列
Fig.1CDS sequence and predicted amino acid sequence of gfpt1 gene in small yellow croaker
2小黄鱼 gfpt1 序列编码的蛋白二级结构(A)和三级结构(B)预测
Fig.2Prediction of secondary structure (A) and tertiary structure (B) of gfpt1 sequence encoded protein in L. polyactis
3gfpt1 基因不同物种进化分析
Fig.3Evolutionary analysis of gfpt1 gene in different species
4gfpt1 基因在小黄鱼各组织中的表达
Fig.4Relative expression of gfpt1 gene in various tissues of small yellow croaker
5小黄鱼肝脏 gfpt1 对高温胁迫的响应表达
Fig.5Response expression of liver gfpt1 in small yellow croaker to high temperature stress
6小黄鱼肝脏 gfpt1 对攻毒实验的响应表达
Fig.6Relative expression of liver gfpt1 in small yellow croaker in response to challenge test
1引物信息
Tab.1Primer information
2小黄鱼 gfpt1 序列与其他物种同源性分析
Tab.2Homology analysis of gfpt1 sequence in small yellow croaker with other species
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