渔业科学进展  2017, Vol. 38 Issue (5): 107-113  DOI: 10.11758/yykxjz.20170105002
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引用本文 

郑建明, 严俊丽, 陈四清, 常青, 王贞杰, 赵捷杰, 刘长琳, 胡建成. 脱脂磷虾粉对圆斑星鲽(Verasper variegatus)幼鱼生长、非特异性免疫力和血清生理代谢指标的影响[J]. 渔业科学进展, 2017, 38(5): 107-113. DOI: 10.11758/yykxjz.20170105002.
ZHENG Jianming, YAN Junli, CHEN Siqing, CHANG Qing, WANG Zhenjie, ZHAO Jiejie, LIU Changlin, HU Jiancheng. Effects of Dietary Skimmed Krill Meal on the Growth, Non-Specific Immunity and Serum Physiological Metabolism Indices of Juvenile Spotted Halibut (Verasper variegatus)[J]. Progress in Fishery Sciences, 2017, 38(5): 107-113. DOI: 10.11758/yykxjz.20170105002.

基金项目

农业部项目“南极海洋生物资源开发利用”、中国水产科学研究院黄海水产研究所基本科研业务费(20603022016005) 和天津市农业科技成果转化与推广项目(201604100) 共同资助

作者简介

郑建明, E-mail: 615709961@qq.com

通讯作者

常青,研究员,E-mail: changqing@ysfri.ac.cn

文章历史

收稿日期:2017-01-05
收修改稿日期:2017-02-08
脱脂磷虾粉对圆斑星鲽(Verasper variegatus)幼鱼生长、非特异性免疫力和血清生理代谢指标的影响
郑建明1,2, 严俊丽1,2, 陈四清2, 常青2, 王贞杰1,2, 赵捷杰1,2, 刘长琳2, 胡建成2     
1. 上海海洋大学水产与生命学院 上海 201306;
2. 中国水产科学研究院黄海水产研究所 青岛 266071
摘要:为研究脱脂磷虾粉替代鱼粉对圆斑星鲽(Verasper variegatus)幼鱼生长性能、非特异性免疫力和血清生理代谢指标的影响,实验以鱼粉和脱脂磷虾粉为蛋白源,鱼油为脂肪源,分别以脱脂磷虾粉蛋白替代基础饲料中0、10%、20%、30%、40%、50%和100%的鱼粉蛋白制成7种等氮、等脂的饲料(分别记为R0、R10、R20、R30、R40、R50、R100),投喂初始体重为(60.11±0.13) g、体长为(14.12±0.25) cm的圆斑星鲽幼鱼8周,每组设3个重复,每个重复20尾鱼。结果显示,R10–R50组的特定生长率(SGR)、存活率(SR)和饲料效率(FER)与R0组(对照组)没有显著性差异(P > 0.05),但从R30组开始有下降的趋势。R10–R50组的蛋白质效率(PER)和R0组无显著性差异(P > 0.05),但R100组的PER显著低于R0组(P < 0.05)。R10–R20组血清中的酸性磷酸酶(ACP)显著高于R0组(P < 0.05),R30组血清中酸性磷酸酶(ACP)和R0组没有显著性差异(P > 0.05)。R30–R100组血清中的碱性磷酸酶(AKP)显著高于R0组(P < 0.05)。R10组血清中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和R0组差异不显著(P > 0.05)。R10组肝脏中ACP显著高于R0组(P < 0.05),R40–R50组和R0组没有显著性差异(P > 0.05)。R30–R40组肝脏中AKP和R0组差异不显著(P > 0.05)。R10–R40组肝脏中SOD和R0组没有显著性差异(P > 0.05)。R10–R50组血清的总蛋白(TP)显著高于R0组(P < 0.05)。各处理组和R0组血清中的谷草转氨酶(GOT)和谷丙转氨酶(GPT)没有显著性差异(P > 0.05)。综合来看,10%–30%的脱脂磷虾粉替代组和对照组R0组对圆斑星鲽幼鱼的生长、饲料利用、免疫力及蛋白利用有相同的效果。
关键词圆斑星鲽    脱脂磷虾粉    生长    非特异性免疫力    生理代谢    
Effects of Dietary Skimmed Krill Meal on the Growth, Non-Specific Immunity and Serum Physiological Metabolism Indices of Juvenile Spotted Halibut (Verasper variegatus)
ZHENG Jianming1,2, YAN Junli1,2, CHEN Siqing2, CHANG Qing2, WANG Zhenjie1,2, ZHAO Jiejie1,2, LIU Changlin2, HU Jiancheng2     
1. College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306;
2. Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071
Corresponding author: CHANG Qing, E-mail:changqing@ysfri.ac.cn
Fund: This work was supported by Ministry of Agriculture Project "Antarctic Marine Biological Resources Development and Utilization", Special Scientific Research Funds for Non-Profit Institute, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences (20603022016005), and Tianjin Agricultural Science and Technology Achievement Transformation and Extension Project (201604100)
Abstract: An 8-week feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary skimmed krill meal (SKM) on the growth performance, serum biochemical parameters and non-specific immunity of juvenile spotted halibut (Verasper variegatus). The basal diet was formulated with fishmeal and SKM as the protein resource, and fish oil as the lipid resource. The control diet (R0) did not contain SKM, and 6 other diets were supplemented with SKM at 6.33% (R10, 10% replacement of the fishmeal protein. The same were as follows, 12.66%(R20), 18.99%(R30), 25.32%(R40), 31.66%(R50) and 63.31%(R100). These diets were then fed to seven groups of juvenile spotted halibut with initial weight of (60.11±0.13) g. Results showed that the specific growth rate, survival rate and feed efficiency of R10–R50 groups were not significantly different from those of R0 (P > 0.05), but it displayed a decreasing trend from R30. The hepatosomatic index and viscerosomatic index of R10–R30 groups were not significantly different from those of R0 (P > 0.05). The serum acid phosphatase in R10 and R20 was significantly higher than that in R0 (P < 0.05). The serum acid phosphatase of R30 was not different from that of R0 (P > 0.05). The serum alkaline phosphatase in R30–R100 groups was significantly higher than that in R0 (P < 0.05). The serum SOD of R10 was not different from that of R0 (P > 0.05). The liver acid phosphatase in R10 was significantly higher than that in R0 (P < 0.05). The liver alkaline phosphatase of R30 and R40 was not significantly different from that of R0 (P > 0.05). The liver SOD of R10–R40 groups was not significantly different from that of R0 (P > 0.05). The serum total protein of R10–R50 groups was significantly higher than that of R0 (P < 0.05). There was no difference in the viscerosomatic index and glutamate dehydrogenase among groups (P > 0.05). The results above showed that 10%–30% of SKM replacement might have the same effects on the growth performance, feed efficiency ratio and non-specific immunity of juvenile spotted halibut.
Key words: Spotted flounder Verasper variegatus    Skimmed krill meal    Growth    Non-specific immunity    Physiological metabolism    

近年来,全球鱼粉的产量难以满足日益增长的水产养殖业的需求,因此,寻求新型蛋白源成为目前饲料产业亟待解决的问题。南极磷虾是地球上已发现的生物量最大的单种生物之一,其资源现存量据最新估计为6.5–10亿t (常青等, 2013),其氨基酸含量平衡,富含不饱和脂肪酸尤其是EPA和DHA,对大西洋鲑鱼(Salmo salar) (Rungruangsaktorrissen, 2006; Hansen et al, 2010; Hansen et al, 2011; Olsen et al, 2006)、大西洋鳕(Gadus morhua)(Karlsen et al, 2006; Tibbetts et al, 2011)的生长及免疫有积极作用。

圆斑星鲽(Verasper variegatus)俗称花斑宝,主要分布在我国北部的黄海、渤海及日本九州岛附近。其外形美观、营养丰富,是我国北方沿海人们喜爱的高档水产品之一,具有较高的经济价值(叶建生等, 2006)。脱脂磷虾粉是南极磷虾提取磷虾油后的副产品,含有丰富的蛋白质,可以作为潜在的蛋白源。为了充分利用南极磷虾资源,本研究用脱脂磷虾粉替代鱼粉研究其对圆斑星鲽幼鱼生长、非特异性免疫力和血清生理代谢指标的影响,以确定圆斑星鲽饲料中脱脂磷虾粉的适宜添加量。

1 材料与方法 1.1 实验饲料

鱼粉、脱脂磷虾粉为蛋白源,鱼油为脂肪源,高筋粉为糖源,制成等氮(50%)、等脂(8%)的颗粒饲料。分别以脱脂磷虾粉蛋白替代饲料中0、10%、20%、30%、40%、50%、100%的鱼粉蛋白,配制7种等氮、等脂的饲料,并记为R0、R10、R20、R30、R40、R50、R100。实验饲料配方见表 1。对所有粉状原料经过粉碎机粉碎过100目筛,按配方比例混合均匀,把磷脂溶于鱼油后,与其他粉状原料混合均匀,加30%的水搅拌均匀,最后用制粒机制成直径为3 mm的颗粒饲料,鼓风烘干12–14 h,制好的颗粒饲料–20℃下保存。

表 1 实验饲料配方和营养组成(干物质, %) Table 1 Formula and nutrient composition of the experimental diets(dry matter, %)
1.2 饲养管理

实验鱼取自山东烟台开发区天源水产有限公司。挑选健康无病、规格相近的圆斑星鲽幼鱼420尾,初始体重为(60.11±0.13) g,体长为(14.12±0.25) cm,随机分到21个330 L的圆柱形塑料桶中,每组设3个重复,每桶20尾。实验开始前饲喂R0饲料暂养7 d。养殖期间,采用自然水温,范围为14–16℃,盐度为35,溶解氧为5–6 mg/L,流水养殖。实验从2016年7月16日持续至9月12日,为期8周,每天饱食投喂1次,投喂30 min后使用虹吸管吸取残饵,烘干称重,每天记录摄食量。

1.3 样品收集与分析

实验结束后,采样前使实验鱼饥饿24 h,并对每组鱼进行计数、称重。每桶随机取3尾鱼,用1%的肝素钠浸润注射器后,尾静脉取血,血液低温放置4 h,4000 r/min离心10 min,获得血清样品。分离的血清用于总蛋白(Total protein, TP)、谷草转氨酶(Glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase, GOT)和谷丙转氨酶(Glutamic-pyruvic transaminase, GPT)、酸性磷酸酶(Acid phosphatase, ACP)、碱性磷酸酶(Alkaline phosphatase, AKP)和总超氧化物歧化酶(Total superoxide dismutase, SOD)活性的测定,分离的肝脏用于ACP、AKP和SOD的测定。饲料样品105℃烘干后采用凯氏定氮法测得粗蛋白含量(VELP,UDK-142 automatic distillation unit, 意大利);采用索氏抽提法(石油醚为抽提液)测得粗脂肪含量(FOSS脂肪测定仪SOXTEC-2050, 瑞典);将样品在马弗炉(550℃)中灼烧6 h测得灰分含量。血清中TP、GOT、GPT、ACP、AKP和SOD等酶活的测定均采用南京建成生物工程研究所提供的试剂盒。

特定生长率(Specific growth rate, SGR, %/d)=(ln实验末各组鱼平均体重-ln实验初各组鱼平均体重)/养殖天数×100

存活率(Survival rate, SR, %)=实验末鱼体个数/实验初鱼体个数×100

饲料效率(Feed efficiency ratio, FER, %)=总增重量/投饲总量×100

蛋白质效率(Protein efficiency ratio, PER, %)=总增重量∕(投饲总量×饲料中粗蛋白含量)×100

1.4 数据统计

实验数据采用Excel 2010和SPSS 17.0软件进行统计分析,数据差异显著时采用Duncan's进行多重比较,显著水平为P < 0.05,数据以平均值±标准误(Mean±SE)表示。

2 结果 2.1 脱脂磷虾粉对圆斑星鲽幼鱼生长性能和饲料利用的影响

脱脂磷虾粉对圆斑星鲽幼鱼生长性能和饲料应用的影响见表 2。由表 2可以看出,R10–R50组的SGR、SR和FER呈现相同的趋势,与R0组相比均无显著性差异(P > 0.05),但显著高于R100组(P < 0.05)。R10–R50组的PER和R0组无显著性差异(P > 0.05),但R100组的PER显著低于R0组(P < 0.05)。

表 2 脱脂磷虾粉对圆斑星鲽幼鱼生长性能和饲料利用的影响 Table 2 Effects of dietary skimmed krill meal on the growth performance and feed utilization of juvenile spotted halibut
2.2 脱脂磷虾粉对圆斑星鲽幼鱼非特异性免疫力的影响

脱脂磷虾粉对圆斑星鲽幼鱼非特异性免疫力的影响见表 3。从表 3可以看出,R10–R20组和R100组血清中的ACP显著高于R0组(P < 0.05)。除R20组和R0组没有差异外,其他各组血清中的AKP均显著高于R0组(P < 0.05)。血清中的SOD与ACP和AKP相比,呈相反的趋势,R10组与对照组R0组没有显著性差异(P > 0.05),其他各组均显著低于R0组(P < 0.05)。肝脏中ACP和AKP没有明显的趋势,R10组的肝脏ACP显著高于R0组(P < 0.05),R30组、R40组和R100组肝脏中AKP与R0组差异不显著(P > 0.05),R50组肝脏中SOD显著高于R0组(P < 0.05),其他各组间没有显著性差异(P > 0.05)。

表 3 脱脂磷虾粉对圆斑星鲽幼鱼非特异性免疫力的影响 Table 3 Effects of dietary skimmed krill meal on non-specific immunity of juvenile spotted halibut
2.3 脱脂磷虾粉对圆斑星鲽幼鱼血清生理代谢指标的影响

脱脂磷虾粉对圆斑星鲽幼鱼血清生理代谢指标的影响见表 4。由表 4可以看出,血清中TP呈先增大后减小的趋势,R10–R50组血清TP均显著高于R0组(P < 0.05),R100组与R0组血清TP没有显著性差异(P > 0.05)。血清中的GPT和GOT组间差异不显著(P > 0.05)。

表 4 脱脂磷虾粉对圆斑星鲽幼鱼血清生理代谢指标的影响 Table 4 Effects of dietary skimmed krill meal on serum physiological metabolism indices of juvenile spotted halibut
3 讨论 3.1 脱脂磷虾粉对圆斑星鲽幼鱼生长和饲料利用的影响

本研究中,脱脂磷虾粉替代10%–30%鱼粉蛋白的实验组,其SGR、SR和FER与对照组R0相比,基本持平,没有显著性差异。目前,主要是关于全脂磷虾粉在水产动物中应用的报道。南极磷虾全虾粉替代0、10%、20%、30%的鱼粉制成4组饲料投喂大西洋鲑12周,实验组与对照组的增重和饲料效率没有显著性差异(Julshamn et al, 2004)。添加1%、5%和11%的磷虾粉和2.5%的磷虾油组成的4组等氮、等能饲料,投喂凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei) 72 d,在清水和绿水环境其生长性能也无显著性差异(Nunes et al, 2011)。南极磷虾蛋白替代饲料中的0、20%、40%、60%的鱼粉蛋白制成4组等氮、等能的饲料,投喂大菱鲆(Scophthalmus maximus) 56 d,实验组与对照组的SGR没有显著性影响(孔凡华等, 2012)。同时,魏佳丽等(2015)发现,在珍珠龙胆石斑鱼(Epinephelus fuscoguttatus♀×Epinephelus lanceolatu♂)基础饲料中用酶解南极磷虾粉替代0–50%的鱼粉,PER无组间差异。以上研究表明,部分全脂磷虾粉替代鱼粉不会对水产动物造成不利影响,与本研究有相同的结果。Yoshitomi等(2012)用全脂磷虾粉替代0、15%和100%的鱼粉饲养黄尾(Seriola quinqueradiata),100%全脂磷虾粉组黄尾的增重和SGR均显著下降。但Tibbetts等(2011)用0、25%、50%、75%和100%的磷虾粉替代鱼粉饲养大西洋鳕鱼和大西洋大比目鱼(Hippoglossus hippoglossus)发现,100%替代组的增重和SGR都显著高于其他各组。而本研究中,替代比例为100%的实验组,其SGR、SR、FER和PER均显著低于对照组R0。可能存在的原因:一是南极磷虾粉经过脱脂处理,使得脱脂磷虾粉干物质中几丁质所占比例升高,影响圆斑星鲽对其的利用;二是饲料中过多的纤维素影响圆斑星鲽的吸收利用。目前,在饲料中添加超过10%的纤维素会降低鱼类和对虾的生长已见相关报道(Hilton et al, 2011; Shiau et al, 1988; Dioundick et al, 1990)

3.2 脱脂磷虾粉对圆斑星鲽非特异性免疫力的影响

ACP作为溶酶体的标志酶,直接参与磷酸基团的转运和代谢(牟海津等, 1999)。AKP不仅参与到磷酸基团的转移,更参与到钙磷的代谢(张洪渊等, 1996)。本研究中,R10–R50添加组幼鱼血清中AKP活性均高于对照组,与严俊丽等(2016)的研究结果一致。这可能是脱脂磷虾粉含有少量虾青素的缘故,而R100添加组的AKP活性异常升高,有可能超出正常范围,表明在圆斑星鲽饲料中添加少量的脱脂磷虾粉会对鱼体的免疫力产生一定的促进作用。孔凡华等(2012)研究发现,用南极磷虾粉蛋白替代0–60%的鱼粉蛋白对大菱鲆血清中的AKP和ACP无显著影响。同时,魏佳丽等(2015)发现,在珍珠龙胆石斑鱼基础饲料中用酶解南极磷虾粉替代0–50%的鱼粉,对鱼体血清中的AKP无显著性影响,这与本研究的结果不同,可能是与鱼的种类及生活的水环境有关。SOD参与清除体内自由基的同时,也与生物的免疫水平密切相关(刘恒等, 1998)。本研究中,10%–40%脱脂磷虾粉添加组幼鱼肝脏中SOD活性无显著差异,而100%添加组鱼体SOD的活性降低,同时,20%–100%添加组血清中的SOD活性均显著低于对照组,这与魏佳丽等(2015)的研究结果不同,说明过高水平的脱脂磷虾粉会导致鱼体的免疫力下降。这可能是未脱脂的南极磷虾粉富含虾青素,使鱼体抗氧化能力增强,而脱脂磷虾粉虾青素等类胡萝卜素含量少的缘故。

3.3 脱脂磷虾粉对圆斑星鲽血清生理代谢指标的影响

血清的TP作为机体蛋白质代谢水平和氨基酸代谢水平的重要指标(丁立云等, 2010),血清中TP含量增多,对机体蛋白质代谢、氮沉积具有一定的促进作用(Kanjanapruthipong, 1998; Coma et al, 1995)。本研究中,R10–R50组血清TP均高于R0组,与严俊丽等(2016)的研究结果一致。说明合适比例脱脂磷虾粉的添加对鱼体蛋白质代谢有一定的促进作用。魏佳丽等(2015)用10%、20%、30%、40%和50%比例的酶解磷虾粉替代鱼粉饲养珍珠龙胆石斑鱼,发现各组间TP无显著性差异,与本研究不一致,这可能与鱼的种类及生活习性有关。GOT和GPT在蛋白质代谢中具有重要的中介作用,正常情况下,其二者主要存在于肝脏中,血清中的含量很少,只有当细胞受损或细胞坏死时,GOT和GPT才会大量进入血液,因此,血液中的GOT和GPT的含量可反映出肝脏的损伤情况(Nyblom et al, 2004)。在本研究中,脱脂磷虾粉添加组血清中的GPT和GOT组间无差异,与魏佳丽等(2015)和严俊丽等(2016)的研究结果一致。表明在圆斑星鲽饲料中添加适量的脱脂磷虾粉对蛋白利用有一定的促进作用,且不会对圆斑星鲽的肝脏造成损伤。

4 结论

该研究表明,在圆斑星鲽配合饲料中添加合适比例的脱脂磷虾粉可以达到和鱼粉相同的生长效果。综合本研究脱脂磷虾粉对圆斑星鲽幼鱼生长、非特异性免疫力和血清生理代谢指标的影响的数据,在该实验条件下,脱脂磷虾粉在圆斑星鲽配合饲料中替代鱼粉蛋白合适的比例为10%–30%。

致谢: 本实验受到了山东烟台开发区天源水产有限公司和济宁普生海云生物科技有限公司技术人员的帮助,特在此致谢!
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