渔业科学进展  2024, Vol. 45 Issue (5): 1-12  DOI: 10.19663/j.issn2095-9869.20231206002

引用本文 

王滨, 田振方, 郭慧英, 徐永江, 崔爱君, 姜燕. 鱼类神经激肽B生理功能及其分子机制[J]. 渔业科学进展, 2024, 45(5): 1-12. DOI: 10.19663/j.issn2095-9869.20231206002.
WANG Bin, TIAN Zhenfang, GUO Huiying, XU Yongjiang, CUI Aijun, JIANG Yan. Physiological Functions and Molecular Mechanisms of Neurokinin B in Fish[J]. Progress in Fishery Sciences, 2024, 45(5): 1-12. DOI: 10.19663/j.issn2095-9869.20231206002.

基金项目

国家重点研发计划(2022YFD2400401)、国家自然科学基金(32072949)、中国水产科学研究院黄海水产研究所基本科研业务费(20603022022018)、中国水产科学研究院基本科研业务费(2023TD51)和财政部和农业农村部:国家海水鱼产业技术体系(CARS-47)共同资助

通讯作者

王滨,副研究员,Email: wangbin@ysfri.ac.cn

文章历史

收稿日期:2023-12-06
收修改稿日期:2024-01-27
鱼类神经激肽B生理功能及其分子机制
王滨 1,2, 田振方 1,2, 郭慧英 1,3, 徐永江 1,2, 崔爱君 1,2, 姜燕 1,2     
1. 海水养殖生物育种与可持续产出全国重点实验室 中国水产科学研究院黄海水产研究所 山东 青岛 266071;
2. 青岛海洋科技中心海洋渔业科学与食物产出过程功能实验室 山东 青岛 266237;
3. 中国海洋大学水产学院 山东 青岛 266003
摘要:神经激肽B (Neurokinin B, NKB)是由tac3基因编码的一种下丘脑神经肽,属于Tachykinin家族重要成员之一,主要在脑中高表达,但也表达于外周组织中,通过其受体NK3R介导参与了哺乳动物多种生理功能。目前,已在斑马鱼(Danio rerio)、草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idellus)、尼罗罗非鱼(Oreochromis niloticus)等硬骨鱼中鉴定出NKB系统,并且NKB能够参与调节鱼类生殖和摄食等重要生理活动。本文对既有硬骨鱼NKB系统研究进行简要总结,从NKB及其受体基因鉴定、组织分布、生理功能、信号转导机制等方面进行全面概括讨论,以增加对鱼类NKB系统的认识和了解,以期为后续研究提供参考。
关键词鱼类    神经激肽B    组织分布    生殖    信号转导    
Physiological Functions and Molecular Mechanisms of Neurokinin B in Fish
WANG Bin 1,2, TIAN Zhenfang 1,2, GUO Huiying 1,3, XU Yongjiang 1,2, CUI Aijun 1,2, JIANG Yan 1,2     
1. State Key Laboratory of Mariculture Biobreeding and Sustainable Goods, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China;
2. Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao Marine Science and Technology Center, Qingdao 266237, China;
3. Fisheries College, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
Abstract: Neurokinin B (NKB) is a hypothalamic neuropeptide containing 10 amino acids and is an essential member of the tachykinin family. Based on studies in mammals, Kiss, NKB, and dynorphin A are located in the common neurons, named KNDy neurons, and NKB and Kiss can stimulate the GnRH pulses. In humans, the mutations of NKB and its receptor NK3R can lead to hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and infertility. NKB is also involved in many other physiological activities in mammals and has received increasing attention. NKB was first purified from porcine spinal cord extracts and named neurokinin B or neuromedin K. Subsequently, NKB has been identified in various species, and its encoding gene was named tac2 in ruminants and rodents, and tac3 in other mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, and fish. In teleosts, the NKB system was first identified in zebrafish by three laboratories in 2012; it was also found in grass carp, goldfish, Nile tilapia, European eel, orange-spotted grouper, and half-smooth tongue.As teleosts have experienced the third round of genome duplication (3R), the bony fish have two forms of tac3 genes, namely tac3a and tac3b. However, only tac3a is present in highly evolved fish species, such as Nile tilapia and orange-spotted grouper, whereas the tac3b gene has been lost. tac3 in fish and amphibians can encode two mature peptides, NKB and an NKB-related peptide (NKBRP), whereas there is only NKB in mammals, birds, and reptiles. NKB and NKBRP sequences are highly conserved, and sequence analysis showed that NKB and NKBRP share an identical -FXGLM motif at the C-terminus, and X is a hydrophobic or aromatic amino acid residue, which plays an important role in binding to homologous receptors.NKB exerts biological effects by activating the endogenous receptor NK3R. The NK3R receptor belongs to the G protein-coupled receptor family and has a typical seven-transmembrane structure. NK3R is encoded by the tacr3 gene. There are two tacr3 subtypes in teleosts: tacr3a and tacr3b. There was an additional gene, called tacr3a2, in the zebrafish and grass carp, and it was produced by local genome duplication of tacr3a1. The tissue distribution shows that tac3 and tacr3 are widely expressed in the central nervous system and peripheral tissues, indicating that they have essential physiological functions. The specific expression patterns vary depending on the species. They are mainly expressed in the brain, with high expression levels in the pituitary, intestine, and gonads. NKB may participate in regulating reproduction and feeding in teleosts.Currently, studies in teleosts mainly focus on reproductive and feeding regulation. Due to the existence of multiple forms of tac3 and tacr3 genes in teleosts, the action of the NKB system on reproduction control is more complex. Using different experiment methods, such as intraperitoneal injection, intramuscular injection, and incubation of pituitary cells or pituitaries, NKB affected the expression of gnrh, kiss, lhβ, and fshβ and the secretion of LH, FSH, and E2 in fish. The physiological effects varied depending on the gonadal development stages, species, sex, treatment methods, treatment time, and dose. In addition, NKB can act as an anorectic peptide to inhibit food intake and promote gastrointestinal motility. It could also affect the expression of growth-related genes. In summary, as a neurotransmitter or neuromodulator in the central nervous system and a major member of the brain-gut peptides, the NKB system plays an important role in teleosts.Tachykinins activate receptors by coupling to Gαs and Gαq proteins, transducing its signals via PKA and PKC pathways. NKB and NKBRP could activate the PKA/PKC pathway via cognate receptors in some teleosts. This could be verified because different pathway inhibitors could block the effects of NKB and NKBRP. Upon binding to NK3R, NKB induces the secretion of related neuropeptides and the expression of related genes through the AC/cAMP/PKA, PLC/IP3/PKC, and Ca2+/CaM/CaMK-Ⅱ cascades. The C-terminal motif of NKB is crucial to binding receptors; once it is changed, NKB cannot activate the downstream signaling of NK3R, indicating that the integrity of the NKB/NK3R system is essential for the normal functioning of NKB. There are many deficiencies in the research regarding the function of NKB in teleosts. The specific effects and mechanisms of regulating reproductive endocrinology remain unclear, and the functional and signaling interactions between NKB and other neuroendocrine factors such as Kiss, GnIH, and GnRH require further study. In addition, the physiological functions of NKB in fish are mainly focused on reproductive regulation, with less attention given to feeding regulation and other physiological effects.In conclusion, this review provides a summary of the research progress on the NKB system in teleosts, including the identification, tissue distribution, physiological functions, and signaling mechanisms of NKB and its receptors, to enhance the understanding of the NKB system in fish and provide a reference for future research.
Key words: Fish    Neurokinin B    Tissue distribution    Reproduction    Signal transduction    

神经激肽B (Neurokinin B, NKB),又称神经介素K (neuromedin K),其编码基因在反刍动物和啮齿动物中被命名为tac2,在其他哺乳动物、鸟类、爬行类、两栖类和鱼类中被命名为tac3 (Ogawa et al, 2012)。在鱼类和两栖类中,tac3前体多肽包含NKB和NKB-related peptide (NKBRP) 2种成熟肽,但在哺乳类、鸟类和爬行类中仅存在NKB。在硬骨鱼中,tac3基因在不同的脑区和外周组织中广泛表达,表明NKB和NKBRP可能参与了多种生理功能,当前研究主要集中于生殖调控和摄食调控两方面(Biran et al, 2014; Chen et al, 2018; Qi et al, 2015; Xu et al, 2021a; Zhang et al, 2019)。此外,tac3表达水平随性腺发育而变化,表明NKB可能参与性腺发育(Biran et al, 2012; Chen et al, 2018; Qi et al, 2015; Wang et al, 2021)。本文简要总结鱼类NKB系统的研究进展,主要对NKB及其受体基因结构、组织分布、脑区分布、生理学功能以及信号转导机制等内容进行讨论,以加强对鱼类NKB系统的认识,为后续研究提供便利。

1 鱼类NKB系统鉴定及表达特征 1.1 NKB基因类型及时空表达特征

NKB最早是从猪脊髓提取物中纯化得到的,并被命名为神经激肽B或神经介素K (Campo et al, 2022)。NKB是由tac3基因编码的一种神经肽,目前该基因已在斑马鱼(Danio rerio) (Biran et al, 2012; Ogawa et al, 2012; Zhou et al, 2012)、金鱼(Carassius auratus) (Qi et al, 2015)、尼罗罗非鱼(Oreochromis niloticus) (Biran et al, 2014; Jin et al, 2016)、条纹鲈(Morone saxatilis) (Zmora et al, 2017)、欧洲鳗鲡(Anguilla anguilla) (Campo et al, 2018)、斜带石斑鱼(Epinephelus coioides) (Chen et al, 2018)、花鲈(Lateolabrax maculatus) (Zhang et al, 2019)、草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idellus) (Hu et al, 2014; Xu et al, 2021a; Ye et al, 2019)、半滑舌鳎(Cynoglossus semilaevis) (Wang et al, 2021)、日本鳗鲡(Anguilla japonica) (Zuo et al, 2022)及中华鲟(Acipenser sinensis) (Xie et al, 2023)等硬骨鱼中鉴定出。由于硬骨鱼在进化过程中经历了第3轮全基因组复制事件(the third round of whole-genome duplication, 3R-WGD),斑马鱼(Biran et al, 2012)、金鱼(Qi et al, 2015)、花鲈(Zhang et al, 2019)、欧洲鳗鲡(Campo et al, 2018)等鱼类中存在tac3atac3b两种基因,但在尼罗罗非鱼(Biran et al, 2014)、斜带石斑鱼(Chen et al, 2018)等进化程度更高的鱼中仅存在tac3a基因,tac3b基因已发生丢失。NKB和NKBRP在C末端都具有速激肽特征基序(-FXGLM),其中,X是疏水氨基酸残基或芳香氨基酸残基,该基序对于NKBs与其同源受体的结合很重要。但在尼罗罗非鱼等慈鲷科(Cichlidae)鱼类中,X代表异亮氨酸,NKBs共享-FIGLM的相同特征基序。不同鱼类NKB和NKBRP的氨基酸序列如表 1所示。

表 1 硬骨鱼NKB和NKBRP成熟肽氨基酸序列 Tab.1 Amino acid sequences of NKB and NKBRP mature peptides in teleosts

RT-PCR及ISH (in situ hybridization)结果表明,tac3基因在鱼类多种组织中均有表达,但不同鱼类中表达模式略有差异:tac3a主要在斑马鱼(Biran et al, 2012; Ogawa et al, 2012; Zhou et al, 2012)、欧洲鳗鲡(Campo et al, 2018)、斜带石斑鱼(Chen et al, 2018)、草鱼(Hu et al, 2014)、金鱼(Qi et al, 2015)、尼罗罗非鱼(Biran et al, 2014)、日本鳗鲡(Zuo et al, 2022)、花鲈(Zhang et al, 2019)、中华鲟(Xie et al, 2023)脑中高表达;金鱼和日本鳗鲡tac3a也在垂体中高表达(Qi et al, 2015; Zuo et al, 2022);斜带石斑鱼tac3a在肠中表达量也较高(Chen et al, 2018);尼罗罗非鱼tac3a在肠和视网膜中也存在较高表达(Biran et al, 2014);半滑舌鳎和草鱼tac3a在肠及性腺中也高表达(Hu et al, 2014; Wang et al, 2021)。tac3b基因主要在斑马鱼(Biran et al, 2012)、欧洲鳗鲡(Campo et al, 2018)、日本鳗鲡(Zuo et al, 2022)、金鱼(Qi et al, 2015)、草鱼(叶城, 2020)、花鲈(Zhang et al, 2019)脑中表达。此外,斑马鱼tac3b还在卵巢中高表达(Zhou et al, 2012),脑区分布结果进一步表明,斑马鱼tac3a主要表达于下丘脑、间脑、视顶盖,tac3b主要表达于端脑和下丘脑(Biran et al, 2012; Zhou et al, 2012);草鱼tac3a在下丘脑、嗅球、延脑中也有较高的表达水平(Hu et al, 2014; 叶城, 2020),而tac3b主要表达于端脑(叶城, 2020);尼罗罗非鱼tac3在各个脑区的表达水平相近(Biran et al, 2014);欧洲鳗鲡tac3atac3b主要表达于间脑(Campo et al, 2018);日本鳗鲡tac3atac3b主要表达于端脑(Zuo et al, 2022)。综上所述,tac3基因在大脑和肠道中的高水平表达与速激肽的生物学功能相符,速激肽是中枢神经系统中的神经递质或神经调节剂,又是脑肠肽的主要成员,对调节胃肠道运动和分泌起着十分重要的作用。

tac3基因在鱼类不同性腺发育时期的表达特征也有相关报道,研究发现,tac3在性腺发育时期的表达特征具有物种特异性。斑马鱼脑tac3a在受精后4周内表达水平较低,而在性腺发育过程中逐渐升高,并在受精后8周达到峰值,12周性腺成熟时表达水平略微下降;tac3b在性腺发育时期表达水平很低,性成熟过程中没有变化(Biran et al, 2012)。雌雄金鱼下丘脑tac3在性腺发育时期呈现相似的表达特征:雌鱼tac3a表达水平在卵黄发生前期、早期、中期和晚期均较低,在完全生长阶段显著升高;而雄鱼tac3a在精子发生早期较低,在精子发生晚期显著升高;tac3b在卵黄发生中期和精子发生晚期高水平表达,其他发育阶段表达水平均较低;垂体中tac3a的表达水平不随性腺发育而变化(Qi et al, 2015)。斜带石斑鱼下丘脑中tac3a在卵巢发育过程中先降低,在卵黄生成期表达量显著增加,随后再次降低(Chen et al, 2018)。半滑舌鳎tac3表达水平在脑中无明显变化,在垂体和卵巢中卵黄发生期显著升高,随后表达水平又下降至本底水平(Wang et al, 2021)。综上所述,tac3可能参与了硬骨鱼性腺发育(Campo et al, 2022):大脑或下丘脑中tac3表达水平在不同性腺发育阶段有波动,表明NKB可能参与GnRH和促性腺激素的神经内分泌控制;tac3在性腺中表达且在性成熟过程中变化,表明其可能通过自分泌或旁分泌的途径直接作用于性腺进而影响其发育。

1.2 NKB受体基因类型及时空表达特征

NKB受体NK3R属于G蛋白偶联受体,具有典型的7次跨膜结构,其编码基因为tacr3。哺乳动物只有1种tacr3,由于硬骨鱼特有的3R-WGD,硬骨鱼通常具有tacr3atacr3b两种亚型(Campo et al, 2022)。斑马鱼具有3种tacr3亚型(tacr3a1tacr3a2tacr3b),tacr3a2是由tacr3a1局部基因组复制而来(Zhou et al, 2012),同为鲤形目(Cyprinidae)的草鱼中也存在3种tacr3基因(叶城, 2020)。

硬骨鱼tacr3基因主要表达于脑、垂体、肠、性腺中。例如,斑马鱼tacr3a1主要表达于脑和卵巢,tacr3a2主要表达于脑、垂体和卵巢,tacr3b主要在脑中高表达(Biran et al, 2012; Zhou et al, 2012)。草鱼tacr3a1主要表达于脑中(叶城, 2020),tacr3a2主要在脑、垂体和性腺中表达,而tacr3b主要表达于垂体和肠等外周组织(Hu et al, 2019; Xu et al, 2021b)。尼罗罗非鱼tacr3a主要表达于脑、肠和视网膜,tacr3b主要表达于脑、垂体和性腺(Biran et al, 2014)。花鲈tacr3a主要表达于胃、肠和精巢中,tacr3b主要表达于下丘脑和肠中(Zhang et al, 2019)。此外,尼罗罗非鱼tacr3b也表达于包含延髓和小脑的后脑(Biran et al, 2014)。金鱼tacr3a主要表达于端脑、视顶盖丘脑、肠和性腺,tacr3b主要表达于端脑和视顶盖丘脑(Liu et al, 2019)。花鲈tacr3b主要表达于下丘脑中(Zhang et al, 2019)。草鱼tacr3a1主要表达于延髓和下丘脑,tacr3a2主要表达于小脑,tacr3b主要表达于下丘脑和端脑(叶城, 2020)。综上所述,tacr3的表达特征与tac3相似,主要表达于脑、垂体、性腺和肠中,这表明硬骨鱼中NKB的功能可能主要与生殖调控和摄食调控相关。

对于性腺发育过程中tacr3基因表达特征的研究较少。斑马鱼脑中tacr3a1tacr3a2表达水平低,在性成熟过程中没有变化(Biran et al, 2012)。金鱼中tacr3a雌雄表达特征有所不同,在不同组织中表达特征也有所差异:在雌鱼下丘脑中tacr3a在卵黄发育前期至中期表达持续下降,末期升高,垂体中tacr3a在卵黄发育早期表达量升高,中期和末期表达量降低;雄鱼下丘脑tacr3a表达水平不随性腺发育发生变化,但垂体中tacr3a在精子形成阶段表达量逐渐降低;而tacr3b的表达量不随性腺发育而变化(Liu et al, 2019)。

2 鱼类Neurokinin B的生理功能

目前,关于鱼类NKB生理功能的研究主要集中在生殖调控和摄食调控两方面。由于部分鱼类中存在2种tac3基因,并且每种tac3基因可以编码NKB和NKBRP两种成熟肽,因此,NKBs对鱼类生理活动的调控机制更为复杂(表 2)。

表 2 硬骨鱼NKB和NKBRP生理功能 Tab.2 Physiological functions of NKB and NKBRP in teleosts
2.1 Neurokinin B对脑中神经肽的影响

肌肉注射NKB和NKBRP对条纹鲈gnrh1表达无影响,而大脑切片NKB和NKBRP体外孵育促进gnrh1的表达(Zmora et al, 2017);腹腔注射NKBRP显著降低雌性尼罗罗非鱼gnrh1的表达水平(Jin et al, 2016)。NKBRP对斜带石斑鱼gnrh1gnrh3无影响,NKB对gnrh3表达也无影响,但显著增加gnrh1的表达(Chen et al, 2018)。NKB系统对金鱼gnrh2表达无影响(Qi et al, 2015),但对gnrh3的影响具有性别二态性,且与性腺发育程度有关:在卵黄发育早期和精子形成早期金鱼中,NKBa抑制gnrh3表达,NKBRPa仅抑制雌鱼gnrh3表达(Liu et al, 2019),但NKBa、NKBRPa和NKBRPb在卵黄发育中期和精子形成晚期金鱼中促进gnrh3表达,NKBb对gnrh3表达无影响(Qi et al, 2015)。NKBa和NKBRPb对日本鳗鲡gnrh2表达无影响,促进了gnrh1表达,NKBb和NKBRPa对gnrh1以及gnrh2表达均无影响(Zuo et al, 2022)。大脑切片与NKB和NKBRP体外孵育、肌肉注射NKB和NKBRP均抑制条纹鲈kiss1kiss2的表达(Zmora et al, 2017)。腹腔注射NKBRP能够显著促进斜带石斑鱼kiss2的表达,但NKB对kiss2表达无影响(Chen et al, 2018);然而NKBRP显著抑制尼罗罗非鱼雌鱼kiss2的表达(Jin et al, 2016)。NKBa和NKBRP均抑制金鱼kiss2表达(Liu et al, 2019)。此外,腹腔注射NKB和NKBRP显著抑制雌性尼罗罗非鱼tac3的表达水平(Jin et al, 2016),但不影响中华鲟tac1tac3表达(Xie et al, 2023)。综上所述,NKB和NKBRP多肽对下丘脑gnrhkiss表达调控具有物种特异性,NKB对金鱼gnrh3作用具有性别二态性,且影响与性腺发育程度有关。

2.2 Neurokinin B对垂体激素的影响

肌肉注射NKB能够显著促进条纹鲈lhβ表达,不影响fshβ表达,而NKBRP能够显著促进fshβ表达,不影响lhβ表达(Zmora et al, 2017)。腹腔注射NKBRP对斜带石斑鱼lhβfshβ表达均无影响,而NKB能够显著促进lhβ表达,而不影响fshβ表达(Chen et al, 2018);NKB促进中华鲟gh表达,抑制fshβ表达,对lhβ表达无影响(Xie et al, 2023);NKB和NKBRP对金鱼垂体激素表达的影响和性腺发育程度相关,NKBRP对lhβfshβ的影响也和性别相关:NKB能够显著抑制卵黄发育早期雌鱼和精子形成早期雄鱼lhβfshβ表达,NKBRP仅抑制雌鱼lhβfshβ表达,而对雄鱼无作用(Liu et al, 2019),而NKBa、NKBRPa和NKBRPb促进卵黄发育中期和精子形成后期的金鱼lhβfshβ表达,NKBb对lhβfshβ表达无影响(Qi et al, 2015)。NKBRP对尼罗罗非鱼lhβfshβ表达无影响(Jin et al, 2016; Mizrahi et al, 2019),但NKB的影响可能与处理方式有关:处理6 h后对lhβfshβ表达无影响(Jin et al, 2016),处理24 h后显著促进了lhβfshβ表达(Mizrahi et al, 2019);此外,NKB还能显著促进gh表达(Mizrahi et al, 2019)。肌肉注射NKB能够促进条纹鲈LH分泌(Zmora et al, 2017)。腹腔注射NKBa、NKBRPa和NKBRPb显著促进斑马鱼LH释放(Biran et al, 2012);NKB注射后促进中华鲟LH和FSH的分泌(Xie et al, 2023);腹腔注射NKB和NKBRP促进尼罗罗非鱼LH释放,但NKBRP对FSH分泌无影响(Biran et al, 2014; Mizrahi et al, 2019),NKB对尼罗罗非鱼FSH分泌的作用与性别有关:NKB能够促进雄鱼FSH分泌,而对雌鱼无影响;NKB和NKBRP还会促进尼罗罗非鱼GH分泌(Mizrahi et al, 2019)。

垂体细胞离体孵育实验结果表明,NKBs对条纹鲈(Zmora et al, 2017)、斜带石斑鱼(Chen et al, 2018)、草鱼(Hu et al, 2014) lhβfshβ表达无影响;NKBa和NKBRPa促进草鱼slα以及prl表达,对slβgthαghpomctshβ表达无作用(Hu et al, 20142019);4种NKB神经肽显著抑制欧洲鳗鲡垂体细胞中lhβgnrhr2表达(Campo et al, 2018);NKBs对尼罗罗非鱼lhβfshβ表达作用与性别相关:NKB促进雌鱼lhβfshβ表达,抑制雄鱼lhβfshβ表达,NKBRP抑制雌鱼lhβfshβ表达,促进雄鱼lhβfshβ表达(Mun et al, 2022)。此外,NKBa和NKBRPa促进草鱼SLα和PRL分泌,而对LH、SLβ和GH分泌无影响(Hu et al, 2014);NKBs也促进条纹鲈(Zmora et al, 2017)和尼罗罗非鱼(Biran et al, 2014) LH和FSH分泌。垂体组织离体孵育结果表明,NKB对尼罗罗非鱼lhβfshβ表达无影响(Jin et al, 2016; Mun et al, 2022),但NKBRP的作用与性别有关:NKBRP抑制雌鱼fshβlhβ表达,对雄鱼lhβfshβ表达无影响(Mun et al, 2022)。综上所述,NKB和NKBRP对垂体激素表达和分泌的影响具有物种特异性和性别二态性,此外还与处理方式有关,NKB和NKBRP调节生殖的方式可能存在差异。

2.3 Neurokinin B对性类固醇激素的影响

腹腔注射NKB能够增加斑马鱼和斜带石斑鱼雌二醇(E2)的释放(Chen et al, 2018; Qi et al, 2016),NKBRP则对斜带石斑鱼E2的分泌无影响(Chen et al, 2018);NKB和NKBRP对尼罗罗非鱼E2和11-KT的分泌均无影响(Jin et al, 2016)。体外NKB处理斑马鱼卵巢卵黄发生期的卵泡,促进类固醇生成酶编码基因cyp11a1cyp19a1的表达,进而促进E2的产生(Qi et al, 2016)。值得一提的是,敲除斑马鱼tac3atac3b基因后,构建了tac3a–/–、tac3b–/–tac3a/tac3b/品系,其生长发育均不受影响,成熟个体能够正常进行配子发生和繁殖,表明可能在斑马鱼中存在某种生殖补偿机制,使得敲除某种神经肽编码基因后不影响斑马鱼的正常生殖能力(Li et al, 2021)。

2.4 Neurokinin B的其他生理功能

NKB能够参与调节硬骨鱼摄食。腹腔注射NKBa刺激草鱼垂体中厌食因子uts1cartpomcbnmb的表达(Xu et al, 2021a),NKBa、NKBRPa以及NKBRPb还促进草鱼垂体细胞中uts1cartpomcbnmb的表达,而NKBb无此作用(Xu et al, 2021a)。NKBRPb能够促进花鲈胃中gasmlnghrl的表达,NKBRPa也促进gas表达;NKBa、NKBRPa和NKBRPb均能促进肠中cck表达,NKBb促进gas表达,NKBa促进mln表达(Zhang et al, 2019)。上述结果表明,NKB和NKBRP促进厌食因子表达,并促进肠胃蠕动。NKB对鱼类生长也有影响,NKBb和NKBRPb体外处理花鲈大脑细胞促进其ghrh表达,NKBa促进igf1表达,NKBa、NKBRPa和NKBRPb促进大脑细胞内prlr表达,这4种NKB多肽对gh的表达无影响(Zhang et al, 2019)。上述研究表明,NKB和NKBRP可通过对脑中神经肽、垂体激素和性类固醇激素的合成与分泌产生影响,进而参与鱼体的生殖功能调控,但NKB和NKBRP的作用具有物种特异性和性别二态性,还和处理方式等因素相关。除此之外,NKB还可作为一种厌食因子调节摄食(Xu et al, 2021a; Zhang et al, 2019),而对其他生理功能的研究还比较有限。

3 鱼类Neurokinin B的信号转导机制

目前,对NKBs信号转导机制研究主要集中在PKA、PKC和Ca2+ 3条通路(表 3)。关于PKA通路,多数NKB和NKBRP能激活转染了pcDNA3.1-TACR3a的细胞内CRE-luc活性,但对转染了pcDNA3.1-TACR3b的细胞,NKB和NKBRP对CRE-luc的作用效果不同。斑马鱼NKBa、NKBRPa和NKBRPb能增加转染了pcDNA3.1-TACR3a1和pcDNA3.1-TACR3a2的COS-7细胞中CRE-luc活性,而对转染了pcDNA3.1-TACR3b的细胞内CRE-luc活性无影响,NKBb对转染了其受体质粒的细胞中CRE-luc活性也无影响(Biran et al, 2012; Zhou et al, 2012);尼罗罗非鱼NKB和NKBRP能增加转染了pcDNA3.1-TACR3a和pcDNA3.1-TACR3b的细胞中CRE-luc活性(Biran et al, 2014; Mizrahi et al, 2019);草鱼NKBa、NKBRPa、NKBb和NKBRPb能增加转染了pcDNA3.1-TACR3b的细胞中CRE-luc活性(Hu et al, 2019);条纹鲈NKB和NKBRP能够增加转染其受体的细胞内CRE-luc活性(Zmora et al, 2017);金鱼4种NKB多肽均能增加转染了pcDNA3.1-TACR3a的细胞中CRE-luc活性,而对转染了pcDNA3.1-TACR3b的细胞中CRE-luc活性无影响(Liu et al, 2019);日本鳗鲡NKBa能增加转染pcDNA3.1-TACR3a的细胞中CRE-luc活性,而NKBRPa、NKBb和NKBRPb均对转染了该受体质粒的细胞中CRE-luc活性无影响(Zuo et al, 2022)。总体而言,在硬骨鱼中,NKBa、NKBRPa和NKBRPb都能增加转染了pcDNA3.1-TACR3a的细胞中CRE-luc活性,而不同硬骨鱼NKB对转染了pcDNA3.1-TACR3b的细胞中CRE-luc活性情况有所差异。此外,使用PKA通路阻断剂H89和NKB共同处理斑马鱼卵泡细胞(Qi et al, 2016)和草鱼垂体细胞(Hu et al, 2014)的实验进一步证实NKB能够激活细胞内PKA通路。

表 3 硬骨鱼NKB系统的信号转导机制 Tab.3 Signal transduction mechanisms of the NKB system in teleosts

NKBs对PKC通路的激活情况同PKA相似,但略有差异。斑马鱼NKBa、NKBRPa和NKBRPb能增加转染了pcDNA3.1-TACR3a1、pcDNA3.1-TACR3a2和pcDNA3.1-TACR3b的细胞内SRE-luc活性,NKBb则无作用(Biran et al, 2012; Zhou et al, 2012)。尼罗罗非鱼NKB和NKBRP能增加转染了pcDNA3.1-TACR3a和pcDNA3.1-TACR3b的COS-7细胞中的SRE-luc活性(Biran et al, 2014; Mizrahi et al, 2019)。草鱼NKBa、NKBRPa、NKBb和NKBRPb均能增加转染了pcDNA3.1-TACR3a2和pcDNA3.1-TACR3b的HEK293细胞内的SRE-luc活性(Hu et al, 2019; Xu et al, 2021b)。金鱼NKBa、NKBRPa和NKBRPb均能增加转染了pcDNA3.1-TACR3a的细胞内SRE-luc活性,而对转染了pcDNA3.1-TACR3b的细胞中SRE-luc活性无影响(Liu et al, 2019)。条纹鲈NKB和NKBRP能够增加转染了pcDNA3.1-TACR3的细胞内SRE-luc活性(Zmora et al, 2017)。但日本鳗鲡NKBa、NKBRPa、NKBb和NKBRPb均对转染了其受体的细胞内的SRE-luc活性无作用(Zuo et al, 2022)。这表明在硬骨鱼中,NKBa、NKBRPa和NKBRPb能激活转染pcDNA3.1-TACR3a的细胞中SRE-luc活性,而对转染了pcDNA3.1-TACR3b细胞中SRE-luc活性具有物种特异性。此外,PKC抑制剂GF109203X同NKB神经肽共处理斑马鱼卵泡细胞,不能阻断该细胞中的PKC通路(Qi et al, 2016)。而在草鱼垂体细胞中,则可以阻断NKB和NKBRP诱导的slα表达和SLα分泌作用(Hu et al, 2014)。除了PKA和PKC通路以外,斑马鱼卵泡细胞和草鱼垂体细胞中的实验也表明,NKB能激活钙离子通路(Hu et al, 2014; Qi et al, 2016)。在转染了pcDNA3.1-TACR3a2和pcDNA3.1-TACR3b的HEK293细胞中,NKBa、NKBRPa和NKBRPb还能显著增加AP1-luc和NFAT-RE-luc活性(Hu et al, 2019; Xu et al, 2021b);中华鲟NKBa和NKBRPa能增加转染了其受体HEK-293细胞的NFAT-RE-luc活性(Xie et al, 2023)。上述研究表明,硬骨鱼NKBa和NKBRPa是TACR3的内源性配体,NKB的C末端基序对于受体激活很关键,NKBb不能激活TACR3的下游信号可能是由其NKBb的C末端基序发生突变导致的。

4 鱼类Neurokinin B系统表达调控

性类固醇激素影响了tac3基因表达水平。对性未成熟的斑马鱼进行E2处理增强了gnrh3kiss1kiss2的表达,同时显著增加了tac3atacr3atacr3bkiss1ra的表达,这些结果说明,在斑马鱼中雌激素对NKB系统的转录具有促进作用(Biran et al, 2012)。在金鱼中,tac3b的表达水平不受卵巢切除以及雌激素处理的影响,tac3a的表达水平在卵巢切除后显著增加,雌激素处理后恢复,表明雌激素对下丘脑tac3a的表达具有负调节作用(Qi et al, 2015),该实验结果与斜带石斑鱼中的结果类似(Chen et al, 2018),与斑马鱼中的结果相反(Biran et al, 2012),原因可能是由雌激素处理时间、处理方式、性腺发育阶段、物种差异、检测大脑区域不同引起的。在斜带石斑鱼中,腹腔注射NKB多肽显著升高了血清雌激素水平,进一步证实了NKB参与调节斜带石斑鱼生殖轴。在雄激素诱导斜带石斑鱼性逆转的过程中,tac3的表达水平没有变化,表明tac3不受睾酮的调节(Chen et al, 2018)。这些结果表明,雌激素促进或抑制tac3a的表达水平,同时又受到NKB肽的调控,但性类固醇激素对NKB系统的表达调控作用的研究较少,需要进一步深入研究。

5 小结与展望

NKB是速激肽家族成员之一,通过NK3R介导参与了哺乳类生殖调控和摄食调控等多种生理过程。目前,仅在少数几种鱼类中鉴定出tac3以及其受体tacr3基因,并对其表达特征和信号转导机制进行了初步研究分析,对生理功能的研究也主要集中于摄食和生殖调控两方面。目前研究仍存在诸多不足之处,解决以下问题将有助于更好地了解NKB系统在硬骨鱼生殖和摄食等生理过程的协同作用机制:(1)当前在某些鱼类中存在2种tac3基因,但在其他鱼类中只鉴定出了1种tac3基因,2种tac3基因是否广泛存在于硬骨鱼中还不明确;(2)Kiss-NKB-Dynorphin (KNDy)神经元可见于哺乳动物正中隆起,在哺乳类生殖调控中发挥重要作用,但KNDy神经元是否广泛存在硬骨鱼中仍有待证实;(3)使用基因编辑技术敲除tac3a/tac3b对斑马鱼的生殖功能无影响,表明硬骨鱼中存在NKB的补偿机制,但该机制是否广泛存在于其他鱼类还有待研究,敲除tac3系统对其他生殖调控因子的分泌和基因表达的影响仍有待探索;(4)已知其他下丘脑神经肽,例如,Kiss (王滨等, 2018)、GnIH (Muñoz-Cueto et al, 2017; 刘权等, 2017)和GnRH (Zohar et al, 2022)等在鱼类生殖调控中发挥重要作用,但尚未开展NKB与它们之间的功能与信号互作研究,鱼类生殖神经内分泌调控网络还有待进一步解析。总之,解决上述问题才能更好地了解NKB参与鱼类摄食和生殖等生理功能的分子机制。

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