| 黄俊杭,房景辉,方建光,于瑞海,郑小东,毛玉泽,蒋增杰.牡蛎–海参筏式综合养殖可行性研究.渔业科学进展,2023,44(4):111-120 |
| 牡蛎–海参筏式综合养殖可行性研究 |
| Feasibility of integrated oyster-sea cucumber raft culture |
| 投稿时间：2022-03-29 修订日期：2022-04-25 |
| DOI： |
| 中文关键词: 仿刺参 长牡蛎 多营养层次综合养殖 生长 营养盐 水环境 |
| 英文关键词: Apostichopus japonicus Crassostrea gigas Integrated multi-trophic aquaculture Growth Nutrient Water environment |
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| 中文摘要: |
| 为探究牡蛎–海参筏式综合养殖模式的可行性，在2个具有代表性的牡蛎养殖区——山东荣成桑沟湾和乳山挂子场海域开展了长牡蛎(Crassostrea gigas)–仿刺参(Apostichopus japonicus)筏式笼养效果对比实验。在牡蛎养殖笼中，奇数层放养长牡蛎，偶数层放养仿刺参。实验设置3个因子：偶数层的底盘类型(普通养殖盘、无孔养殖盘和无孔养殖盘加无节网)、放养仿刺参的密度(1、2和4头/盘)和放养海域(桑沟湾和挂子场)，共18个处理组，每组5个重复，实验期为2020年11月—2021年6月。实验期间，对两海域水体6项指标(叶绿素a、颗粒有机物、活性磷酸盐、亚硝酸盐、硝酸盐和铵盐)和实验动物的生长、存活等方面进行跟踪测定和比较分析。结果显示，两海域叶绿素a和颗粒有机物无显著性差异(P>0.05)，但其他4项营养盐指标均差异显著(P<0.05)。处理组中，两海域各处理组间牡蛎个体体重及肥满度无显著差异(P>0.05)，海参低密度处理组中，海参个体体重及成活率显著高于海参高密度处理组(P<0.05)；在其他处理条件相同时，无孔养殖盘处理组的仿刺参个体体重高于普通养殖盘处理组，在挂子场海域有显著差异(P<0.05)。本研究表明，在牡蛎养殖笼偶数层使用无孔养殖盘并放养1头仿刺参，能在降低牡蛎养殖密度的同时，显著提高仿刺参的个体体重和成活率。综上，该牡蛎–海参筏式综合养殖模式可以作为牡蛎规模化养殖区的有益补充 |
| 英文摘要: |
| China is a major aquaculture country, with both the world´s largest aquaculture production and area, especially oyster aquaculture which accounts for 80% of the global production. However, its ascent has had numerous negative implications, requiring the development of more environmentally friendly aquaculture methods. The ecological farming model is gradually being acknowledged and encouraged as it is the result of in-depth investigations of marine ecosystems. "Integrated Multi-trophic Aquaculture" is a well-known environmentally friendly aquaculture model. The application effects have been outstanding, as it boosts high output per unit area, improves the marine environment, and improves material utilization. Filter-feeding shellfish are raised at levels that create considerable biodeposition. Particulate matter is transferred from the upper to the lower layers of the water body. Organic matter accumulates on the seafloor in the form of biological sediments, which badly influences the substrate environment, including releasing ammonia nitrogen, increasing dissolved oxygen consumption, and altering seabed biodiversity. Previous research suggests sea cucumbers absorb large amounts of organic matter-rich sediments, reducing the nutrient load caused by coastal shellfish and fish aquaculture. Therefore, a novel sustainable farming model based on the principle of multi-trophic integrated farming could be developed by using sedimentary sea cucumbers to feed on the biological sediments produced by filter-feeding shellfish. The purpose of this study was to investigate the possibility of an oyster-sea cucumber raft integrated culture. Sea cucumbers were stocked in oyster breeding cages. A raft-style integrated oyster-sea cucumber culture was attempted to improve the breeding method. This method allows oyster biological sediments to be utilized in situ, reducing oyster breeding density and maintaining economic benefits. This comparative culture experiment of integrated oyster (Crassostrea gigas)-sea cucumber (Apostichopus japonicus) raft culture utilized Sanggou Bay and Guazichang as representative oyster farming locations. We stocked C. gigas in the odd-numbered layers and A. japonicus in the even-numbered layers of the oyster cages in polyculture. Even-numbered layers had three levels of chassis: common aquaculture plate, holeless aquaculture plate, and holeless aquaculture plate with non-knot nets. The aquaculture plate was the first variable in the experiment. The stocking density of A. japonicus in each of the even-numbered layers were separated into three levels, 1, 2, and 4 ind./plate. The second variable in the experiment was stocking density of sea cucumbers. The experiment was simultaneously conducted at both sea locations. Therefore, the experimental design consisted of a three-factor and three-level experiment with a total of 18 treatment groups. During the experiment, we examined to content of: chlorophyll a, particulate organic matter, PO43–-P, NO2–-N, NO3–-N, and NH4+-N in both sea locations. The survival rate, growth performance, and condition of C. gigas and A. japonicus were compared. There was no significant difference in the contents of chlorophyll a or particle organic matter between the two marine areas (P>0.05). There were significant differences in the four nutrient salt contents between the two locations (P<0.05). There were no significant differences in the individual oyster weight or condition between the two locations (P>0.05). Only the low-stocking density sea cucumbers grew, with individual weights over 25% higher than that of the high-density individuals. Individual sea cucumber weights and survival rates in the low density treatment groups were considerably higher than those in the high density treatment groups (P<0.05). The performance of the holeless aquaculture plate considerably exceeded the common treatment group (P<0.05). The holeless aquaculture plates with sea cucumbers at a density of 1 ind./plate achieved the highest results in this study. The chlorophyll in the sea area of Sanggou Bay remained mostly unchanged in this experiment. However, the chlorophyll in the water region of Guazichang reduced when compared with that of previous data. With the recent rapid growth in the oyster industry in Rushan City, the oyster output may have reached or possibly exceeds the area´s aquaculture capacity. We advise the oyster breeding density in the Rushan sea area to be reduced to lower the breeding risk for farmers while also promoting the breeding industry´s long-term viability. In this experiment, there was no significant difference in oyster growth across the treatment groups, indicating that the integrated oyster-sea cucumber raft culture mode can lower oyster density and reduce environmental impacts. Simultaneously, breeding high-value sea cucumbers compensates for the loss of breeding income induced by the lower oyster breeding density. When compared to bottom-seeded sea cucumbers, this raft cage mode has a higher level of safety and ease of harvest. This method can be used to replenish oyster growing zones with a high density of oysters to boost the aquaculture industry´s health and long-term development. |
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