| 王琳,赵玲,刘淇,齐祥明,曹荣,牟伟丽.GC-MS与电子舌联合分析干制方式对秋刀鱼风味的影响.渔业科学进展,2024,45(3):268-277 |
| GC-MS与电子舌联合分析干制方式对秋刀鱼风味的影响 |
| Effect of drying methods on the flavor of Cololabis saira assessed by GC-MS coupled with electronic tongue |
| 投稿时间：2023-03-03 修订日期：2023-03-28 |
| DOI：10.19663/j.issn2095-9869.20230303001 |
| 中文关键词: 秋刀鱼 自然干燥 冷风干燥 紫外+冷风干燥 风味变化 |
| 英文关键词: Cololabis saira Natural drying Cold air drying UV with cold air drying Flavor change |
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| 中文摘要: |
| 为探究不同干制方式对秋刀鱼(Cololabis saira)风味的影响，本研究将腌制后的秋刀鱼分别进行自然干燥、冷风干燥和紫外+冷风干燥，通过气相色谱–质谱联用仪(GC-MS)和电子舌测定鲜鱼、腌制鱼、自然干制鱼、冷风干制鱼、紫外+冷风干制鱼的风味变化。结果显示，GC-MS共检测到包括醛类、醇类、酮类、酸类、烃类以及含氮化合物等58种挥发性风味物质。以鲜秋刀鱼为参照，醇类、醛类、酮类物质的增加均不同程度丰富了3种干制秋刀鱼的油脂香气；其中，紫外+冷风干制鱼中顺-2-庚烯醛、辛醛、2-乙基呋喃等物质的含量明显增多，分别增加至64.96、569.48和189.27 μg/kg，使秋刀鱼具有丰富的油脂香味。咸味、鲜味和鲜味回味是干制秋刀鱼重要的滋味指标，电子舌实验结果表明，干制后秋刀鱼的咸味和鲜味回味大幅增加，而鲜味略有降低。3种干制方式均不同程度增加了秋刀鱼的油脂香味，同时丰富了鲜味回味；其中，紫外+冷风干燥最大程度地丰富了干制秋刀鱼的风味。 |
| 英文摘要: |
| Flavor is an important characteristic of seafood products, and drying can produce unique pleasant flavors. Drying is among the most common methods for processing seafood products. It can improve quality and shelf-life of seafood products and produce unique flavors. Oxidative hydrolysis of lipids during dry fish processing in the presence of light, photosensitizers, heat, oxygen, transition metal ions, and microorganisms produces volatile small molecules, including alcohols, ketones, aldehydes, and acids, which contribute to the flavor profile of dried fish. Volatile compounds are important components of seafood flavor. Flavor analyses are usually performed using gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry (GC-IMS) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) in combination with electronic nose/tongue techniques, which not only characterizes the molecular composition of volatile components in the sample, but also yields macroscopic results via the electronic nose/tongue, ultimately combining instrumental analysis with quantitative sensory data for a comprehensive evaluation of sample flavor. Currently, the market sales model of Cololabis saira is mainly based on a single frozen whole C. saira, and excludes most types of deep-processed products. There is an urgent need to enrich research into processing effects on C. saira quality and flavor, and further develop markets for deep-processed C. saira products. To explore the effects of different drying methods on C. saira flavor, we assessed flavor molecule profiles using GC-MS and electronic tongue techniques. This study aimed to provide a theoretical basis for improving C. saira product flavor, thereby enhancing the economic impact of the C. saira industry. In this study, C. saira was thawed in low-temperature air, and the giblets were removed and diagonally cut. Pre-treated fish were then soaked in 15% salt water for 1 h, drained naturally, and subjected to natural drying (natural air-drying on a sunny day in autumn for 3 days, environmental temperature 10~20 ℃, humidity 25%~42%), cold air-drying (continuous cold air-drying for 3 days, setting temperature (15±2) ℃, relative humidity 38%~40%), and UV with cold air-drying (continuous UV with cold air-drying for 3 days, ultraviolet lamp irradiation, setting temperature (15±2) ℃, relative humidity 38%~40%). The flavor profiles of fresh fish (CK), cured fish (0 d), naturally dried fish (N), cold air-dried fish (C), and UV treated cold air-dried fish (U) were compared. Significant differences were observed in the odor and taste of dried C. saira among products of the different drying methods. GC-MS results showed that a total of 58 volatile flavor substances were detected, including aldehydes, alcohols, ketones, acids, hydrocarbons, and nitrogenous compounds. Increased alcohols, aldehydes, and ketones enriched the fatty aroma of the three dried C. saira samples to varying degrees. Among them, the contents of cis-2-heptenal, octylaldehyde, 2-ethylfuran and other substances in U group increased significantly, increasing to 64.96, 569.48 and 189.27 μg/kg, respectively, so that the U group had richer fat flavor. Hexanal, heptanal, Z-4-heptenal, octanal, nonanal, (E,E)-2,4-heptadienal, (E,E)-2,6-nonandialdehyde, 1-octen-3-ol, heptanol, 2,3-pentanedione, 3,5-octadien-2-one, and trimethylamine were the odor-active substances common to the five C. saira samples and were used as flavor compounds to characterize the oily and fishy taste of C. saira. E-2-nonenal, 2-ethylfuran, E-2-octenal, 2-nonanone, 2-undecanone, and 1-nonanol are three odor-active substances specific to dried C. saira, with E-2-octenal, 1-nonanol and 2-undecanone, which have an oily smell, and 2-ethylfuran, which has a burnt smell, having the highest odor aroma-active in the U group. Salty taste, richness, bitterness, astringency, and sourness of the fish increased after the drying process, especially salty taste and richness. Only fresh taste was significantly reduced relative to fresh fish. Saltiness, freshness, and richness of dried fish are important taste indicators. Salty taste and richness increased significantly after the three drying processes, whereas freshness decreased. Group U exhibited the highest salty taste and richness.
In conclusion, the volatile odor and profile of C. saira changed significantly with each of three drying processes (natural drying, cold air drying, and UV with cold air drying), all of which increased the fatty flavor and considerably reduced the fishy flavor. Moderate oxidation positively contributes to C. saira flavor. Increased fatty flavor reduces the proportion of fishy substances, thus improving C. saira flavor. UV irradiation with cold air drying promoted lipid oxidation to some extent, producing more fatty substances, as well as cis-2-heptenal and 2-ethylfuran, which enriched the roasted, charred flavor of dried C. saira. Salinity, freshness, and richness are important taste indicators of dried C. saira. All three drying methods enhanced the salinity and richness of C. saira, and UV irradiation with cold air-drying significantly improved the salinity and richness of the fish and enriched its taste and aftertaste. Therefore, among the three drying methods, the method involving UV with cold air drying significantly enriched the flavor of C. saira to the greatest extent. |
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