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| 我国深远海大型围栏养殖发展现状与展望 |
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宋炜1,2, 韩昕辰1, 谢正丽3, 王磊1, 刘永利1, 王鲁民1,2
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1.中国水产科学研究院东海水产研究所 上海 200090;2.青岛海洋科学与技术试点国家实验室
山东 青岛 266237;3.中国水产科学研究院渔业机械仪器研究所 上海 200090
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| 摘要: |
| 深远海大型围栏养殖是我国海水养殖业结构调整和产业升级中新兴的养殖模式之一，具有养殖面积大、鱼类活动空间大、养殖环境更近自然和养殖鱼类品质明显提升等特点。本文在介绍围网养殖发展概况、深远海养殖内涵的基础上，重点概述了我国深远海大型围栏养殖发展现状及其研究进展，并对今后的发展方向加以展望，为我国深远海大型围栏智能化生态养殖模式的构建提供参考。 |
| 关键词: 深远海养殖 围栏养殖 发展现状 展望 |
| DOI：10.19663/j.issn2095-9869.20210827001 |
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| Development status and the prospect of deep-sea large-scale fence culture in China |
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SONG Wei1,2, HAN Xinchen1, XIE Zhengli3, WANG Lei1, LIU Yongli1, WANG Lumin1,2
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1.East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai 200090, China;2.Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao, Shangdong 266237, China;3.Fishery Machinery and Instrument Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai 200092, China
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| Abstract: |
| China is one of the world’s largest marine fishery countries. In 2020, the total output of mariculture reached 21.3531 million tons, a year-on-year increase of 3.39%. Mariculture has contributed to ensuring national food safety, supporting fishermen's income, and economic development. However, for a long time, mariculture has been largely concentrated in the coastal harbor area, with extensive breeding methods and backward facilities and equipment, resulting in frequent breeding diseases, serious water pollution, hidden dangers in quality and safety, and continuous decline in benefits, which have seriously affected the healthy development of the industry. It is urgent to change the mariculture mode and adjust the structure of the mariculture industry. Mariculture's transformation and development direction are to expand new marine space and take advantage of high-quality marine resources for healthy aquaculture. The deep-sea large-scale fence aquaculture is suitable for China's sea area, characterized by a gentle continental shelf, and for breeding various unique economic fishes in China. It is an emerging aquaculture model for the structural adjustment and industrial upgrading of mariculture in China. It has the characteristics of a large breeding area, with its activity space being closer to nature and ecology, and has broad application prospects. Deep-sea large-scale fence aquaculture is an emerging ecological culture mode integrating marine engineering, new material applications, and ecological culture. It is mainly composed of "large-scale fence project + supporting culture facilities + culture technology." Many deep-sea large-scale fenced aquaculture facilities have been implemented or planned in Taizhou, Wenzhou, Zhoushan of Zhejiang Province, Laizhou of Shandong Province, and Zhanjiang of Guangdong Province. The deep-sea large-scale fence aquaculture model avoids the pollution of coastal aquaculture to a great extent and improves the quality of cultured fish, expands the development space of aquaculture, and has good ecological, economic, and social benefits. From the first construction to the subsequent gradual development of deep-sea large-scale fence facilities in the far-reaching sea, enterprises learn from each other, continuously strengthen the strength of piles, and optimize the connection technology of net clothes. However, the basic research on large-scale deep-sea fences is still relatively weak due to the relatively short development process. Some technical links and supporting equipment need to be further improved. Among them, the four most important issues are the facility's safety, including the structural damage of the pile structure, net clothing system, and net clothing pile connection system under a dynamic environment. The second is the safety of bottom sealing, whether the bottom sandbag has enough restraint on the traction of the upper buoyancy and net clothing systems to ensure the full coupling between the net clothing and the seabed anti-escape safety breeding objects. The third problem comprises the challenges in efficient fishing. The scale of fence farming is large, and there is no net bottom. It can neither raise net fishing, like cage culture, nor low tide fishing like beach Purse Seine. The fishing mode of large-scale fence farming in the far-reaching sea must adopt an innovative mode that involves new fishing equipment and technology and more systematic research on fish behavior characteristics. Fourth, there is a problem of siltation in large-scale fenced breeding areas. The endogenous excreta of cultured fish and the exogenous pollutants brought by artificially fed pellet feed, surimi, miscellaneous fish, and other bait deposits at the bottom of the fence and form sludge over time will threaten the healthy growth of cultured fish and the marine environment. With the support of national key R&D projects and local scientific and technological research projects, scientific research institutes and relevant breeding enterprises have researched key technologies such as deep-sea large-scale fence design and construction, mesh tear and wear prevention, and improved high-strength large mesh construction technology because of the characteristics of large fenced water bodies, large waves, and rapid flow in aquaculture water areas and far away from the coastline. Scientific experiments and simulation calculations were carried out to innovate the structural strength design system of fence facilities to withstand the impact of strong winds and waves, starting from the aspects of mechanical structure, power source, material and information collection and transmission, mechanized automatic control technology, R&D of large-scale fence mechanized and intelligent control equipment that can adapt to high sea conditions, feeding on large water surfaces, feed rations, pipeline transportation, collection of environmental indicators in aquaculture sea areas, safety monitoring, waste removal, underwater cleaning of net clothes, and centralized fishing of adult fish. By continuously studying and improving the signal transmission, power supply, and equipment control technologies, and we can gradually build a technical system for supporting key equipment for deep-sea large-scale fence breeding, and integrate large-scale fence aquaculture capacity evaluation technology, friendly culture environment construction technology, and multi-dimensional culture technology to build a large-scale fence intelligent ecological culture model. This study may provide a reference for constructing an intelligent ecological breeding mode for deep-sea large-scale fence aquaculture in China. |
| Key words: Deep-sea mariculture Fence culture Development situation Prospect |
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