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| 渤海口虾蛄仔虾季节性分布及其早期补充模式 |
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关丽莎,单秀娟,杨涛,吴强,金显仕
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1.中国水产科学研究院黄海水产研究所 农业农村部海洋渔业可持续发展重点实验室 山东省渔业资源与生态
环境重点实验室 山东 青岛 266071;2.青岛海洋科学与技术试点国家实验室海洋渔业科学与食物产出过程
功能实验室 山东 青岛 266071;3.山东长岛近海渔业资源国家野外观测研究站 山东 烟台 265800
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| 摘要: |
| 仔虾是口虾蛄(Oratosquilla oratoria)早期生活史的重要阶段，其转为底栖生活所需的环境条件及我国近海口虾蛄早期补充模式，仍缺乏了解。基于2017年春季(3―6月)和夏秋季(8―11月) 8个航次的渤海渔业资源底拖网调查数据，分析了各月份口虾蛄仔虾(<60 mm)的分布、出现概率和样本量等，并利用广义加性模型筛选出影响仔虾出现概率的主要环境因子。通过文献综述，回顾了我国近海口虾蛄产卵期、胚胎和幼体发育、仔虾生长特性等繁殖特征和早期生长发育历程，结合仔虾季节性分布，阐释渤海口虾蛄群体的早期补充模式。结果发现，春季，仔虾在4―5月出现频次较高，其分布区随水温升高逐步向北扩散或偏移，显著影响其出现概率的环境因子为底层温度、底质平均粒径和粒径偏度；夏秋季，仔虾在9―10月分布广泛，11月趋向斑块化分布、出现频次降低，显著影响因子为底层温度、底层盐度和底质含沙百分比。渤海口虾蛄群体呈现多季节补充模式。其产卵期长达5个月，5―7月产出的受精卵预计在7―9月发育成Ⅰ期仔虾，在9―11月长成全长50 mm左右的仔虾；8―9月产出的受精卵，预计在10―11月左右发育成Ⅰ期仔虾，12月至次年3月受低温限制停止生长，在4―5月水温回升时逐步长成50 mm左右的仔虾。 |
| 关键词: 口虾蛄 仔虾分布 早期生活史 多季节补充 |
| DOI：10.19663/j.issn2095-9869.20211118001 |
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| Early recruitment pattern of Oratosquilla oratoria in relation to the seasonal pattern of juvenile occurrence in the Bohai Sea, China |
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GUAN Lisha1,2,3,4, SHAN Xiujuan1,2,3,4, YANG Tao1,2,3,4, WU Qiang1,2,3,4, JIN Xianshi1,2,3,4
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1.Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Key Laboratory of Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs;2.Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fishery Resources and Ecological Environment, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, China;3.Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao, Shandong 266071, China;4.National Field Observation and Research Center for Changdao Marine Ecosystem, Yantai, Shandong 265800, China
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| Abstract: |
| Oratosquilla oratoria is a typical commercially exploited stomatopod species that is widely distributed in the coastal waters of the Northwest Pacific. It also plays an important role in structuring the benthic communities and can significantly affect marine nutrient cycling and energy flow through sediment bioturbation. Few studies have been published on the early life stages and recruitment of O. oratoria in natural waters, particularly in Chinese coastal waters. Moreover, despite ample research on the egg and larval development, growth, feeding, reproductivity, and spatial distribution of this species, little is known regarding the habitats required for juvenile O. oratoria when they settle down to the bottom after the planktonic larval stage. In this context, one objective of the present study was to investigate the seasonal distribution of juvenile O. oratoria and its influencing factors. The other objective was to identify the early recruitment pattern of O. oratoria in the Bohai Sea based on the seasonal pattern of its juvenile occurrence and published literature on the spawning, embryonic and larval development, and growth of this species.
Data used to achieve these objectives were mainly collected from eight monthly cruises of bottom trawl surveys for fisheries resources in spring (i.e., March to June) and summer to fall (i.e., August to November) of 2017. The same pair of bottom trawlers was used in all surveys, following consistent sampling protocols. O. oratoria catches were counted and weighed in number and biomass on the spot at each station, along with the depth, geographic coordinates, date, and time at the beginning and end of each tow. In addition, 50 O. oratoria individuals were randomly sampled to measure their biological characteristics (e.g., total length, weight, sex, feeding status, and fecundity) at each station; at certain stations, all individuals were measured when fewer than 50 O. oratoria were caught. The smallest and largest individuals were selected at each station to record their total length and weight when any O. oratoria was caught at a station. Moreover, surface-to-bottom temperature and salinity profiles were obtained with a SEABIRD CTD within a few minutes of the bottom trawlers moving away from the end of trawling at each station.
The occurrence of juvenile O. oratoria (<60 mm total length) was determined based on the total length of the smallest individuals at each station. Subsequently, their occurrence over space, occurrence probability, and sample size were analyzed by season and month. Generalized additive models (GAMs) were used to identify significant environmental factors affecting the occurrence of juveniles separately in spring and summer to fall. Environmental factors considered in the model included depth, bottom temperature (BT), bottom salinity (BS), and five sediment-related variables. Depth, BT, and BS were measured simultaneously with the bottom trawl surveys. The five sediment variables were classified into two groups: two content variables separately representing the percentages of sand and silt and the other three representing statistical parameters of grain size distribution (i.e., mean grain size, skewness, and kurtosis) in the surface substrates (0–3 cm). The spatial distribution of these sediment factors was derived from recent literature on the grain-size distribution of surface sediments in the Bohai Sea (Yuan et al, 2020). A pseudo-stepwise procedure was used to identify significant environmental factors for optimal GAMs separately for spring and summer to fall based on the Akaike Information Criterion (AIC). Furthermore, the early recruitment pattern of O. oratoria in the Bohai Sea was elucidated in terms of the timing of early life stages and recruitment through combined analysis of historical literature on the seasonal patterns of juvenile occurrence and published literature on the spawning, embryonic and larval development, and growth of this species.
Spring occurrences were severely limited by bottom temperature and sediment mean grain size and skewness; most of the juveniles occurred in Laizhou Bay and its adjacent waters, with a few others observed in the Liaodong Bay and coastal waters northwest of Dalian City. Juvenile occurrence frequency was the highest in April, followed by May, during spring. Additionally, juvenile O. oratoria occurred throughout the survey area within the Bohai Sea in September and October, with the highest juvenile sample size recorded in November, following the same sampling protocol. The occurrence distribution in fall was shaped by bottom temperature, bottom salinity, and sediment sand content, although these three factors only explained 15.5% variance in fall occurrence. Therefore, temperature and sediment elements have greater effects on juvenile O. oratoria occurrence in spring than in summer. Furthermore, the recruitments of O. oratoria tended to be multi-seasonal in the Bohai Sea. The spawning season may last from May to September. Fertilized eggs released from May to July would develop into juveniles from July to September and then grow to 50 mm in total length from September to November. Eggs released in August and September would develop into juveniles from October to November, stop growing in December to March when the temperature drops below 8℃, and then grow to large juveniles in April and May. The validation of such timings requires further studies of the monthly or seasonal trends of O. oratoria larval abundance and distribution in the Bohai Sea. |
| Key words: Oratosquilla oratoria Juvenile distribution Early life stages Multi-seasonal recruitment |
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