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| 庙岛群岛毗邻海域底层渔业生物群落多样性特征 |
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赵永松1,2, 单秀娟2,3, 杨涛2,3, 金显仕2,3, 韦超2,3
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1.上海海洋大学海洋科学学院 上海 201306;2.中国水产科学研究院黄海水产研究所
农业农村部海洋渔业可持续发展重点实验室 山东省渔业资源与生态环境重点实验室
山东 青岛 266071;3.山东长岛近海渔业资源国家野外科学观测研究站 山东 烟台 265800
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| 摘要: |
| 庙岛群岛毗邻海域位于黄渤海交汇处，是渔业生物的重要栖息地与洄游通道，也是生物多样性的热点区域。为系统掌握庙岛群岛毗邻海域渔业生物多样性特征及其影响因素，分别于2020年9、11、12月和2021年3―12月对该海域底层渔业生物开展了调查，共鉴定出渔业生物115种，其中，鱼类49种，软体动物29种，甲壳动物28种，棘皮动物8种，腕足动物1种。鱼类主要为白姑鱼(Pennahia argentata)、虾虎鱼类和其他鱼类；甲壳动物主要为口虾蛄(Oratosquilla oratoria)、日本鼓虾(Alpheus japonicus)和其他甲壳类。3―6月庙岛群岛毗邻海域底层渔业生物高密度区主要集中在调查海域东南部，7、8月集中分布于调查海域西南部，其余调查月份没有明显的高密度集中分布区。7―10月整个调查区域呈现出较高的生物多样性，而11、12月则具有较高的渔业生物丰度和生物量。白姑鱼和日本鼓虾在生物量(r= –0.75, P<0.01)和丰度(r= –0.73, P<0.01)方面均具有极显著的负相关。主要生物类群和环境因子的冗余分析(redundancy analysis, RDA)表明，水深和温度可能是影响庙岛群岛毗邻海域底层渔业生物的主要因子(P<0.05)，其中，棘皮动物和酸浆贝(Terebratella coreanica)与水深表现出正相关性，其他大部分种类与温度表现出正相关性。丰度生物量比较曲线(abundance-biomass comparison curves, ABC曲线)分析发现，庙岛群岛毗邻海域ABC曲线虽然各有不同，但大部分W统计值为负，仅有3个月的W统计值为正(接近于0)，说明该海域底层渔业生物群落整体受到较高程度干扰，仅部分季节呈现中等程度干扰，群落处于不稳定状态。本研究可为庙岛群岛毗邻海域生物多样性保护提供科学基础，同时，为探究典型岛屿生物多样性形成的内在、环境与人为因素提供基础资料和数据支持，但典型岛屿生态系统生物多样性的形成与演化机制尚需进行长时间序列深入研究。 |
| 关键词: 庙岛群岛毗邻海域 生物多样性 优势种 底层渔业生物 |
| DOI：10.19663/j.issn2095-9869.20220213001 |
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| Biodiversity characteristics of bottom fishery communities in the sea adjacent to the Miaodao Archipelago |
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ZHAO Yongsong1,2, SHAN Xiujuan2,3, YANG Tao2,3, JIN Xianshi2,3, WEI Chao2,3
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1.College of Marine Sciences, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China;2.Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Key Laboratory of Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fishery Resources and Ecological Environment,
Qingdao, Shandong 266071, China;3.National Field Observation and Research Center for
Fisheries Resources in Changdao Waters, Yantai, Shandong 265800, China
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| Abstract: |
| Inshore islands are one of the most representative marine areas responsible for a significant part of the oceanic primary productivity. The most representative archipelago in northern China, the Miaodao Archipelago, is located at the confluence of the Yellow Sea and Bohai Sea. It is an important habitat and migration channel for marine life and is a hot spot for biodiversity research. However, the increasing exploitation of marine natural resources in the waters adjacent to inshore islands, such as mariculture, fishing, shipping, and energy exploitation, is putting increasing pressure on marine life. These factors have resulted in marine community disturbance to varying degrees and pose a severe challenge to biodiversity conservation. Due to human activities and climate changes, the Miaodao Archipelago biodiversity has been affected to some extent. Nonetheless, only few investigations have been performed on the bottom fisheries in this area. With the establishment of the Changdao National Wetland Nature Reserve, it is urgent to conduct systematic biodiversity research in this sea area to promote the restoration and protection of marine biodiversity. To systematically understand the diversity distribution characteristics of bottom fishery communities in the Miaodao Archipelago adjacent sea, a single-ship trawl survey was conducted monthly in September, November, and December 2020 and from March to December 2021. Based on the richness index (D), evenness index (J´), biodiversity index (H´), redundancy analysis (RDA), and abundance-biomass comparison (ABC) curves the bottom-fishery biodiversity and its influencing factors were analyzed to provide a scientific basis for biodiversity conservation in the Miaodao Archipelago adjacent sea. It provides basic data and data support for exploring the intrinsic, environmental, and human factors affecting biodiversity in typical islands. A total of 115 species were identified in the sampling survey, including 49 species of fish, 29 mollusks, 28 crustaceans, 8 echinoderms, and one species of brachiopods. The fish are mainly Pennahia argentata, Gobiidae, and other fish. Crustaceans are mainly Oratosquilla oratoria, Alpheus japonicus, and other crustaceans. The bottom fishery communities in the Miaodao Archipelago adjacent sea were primarily composed of Gobiidae, A. japonicus, Echinodermata, and Mollusca. The dominant species composition was different in distinct months. The dominant species were Chaemrichthys stigmatias, P. argentata, Palaemon gravieri, Trachypenaeus curvirostris, O. oratoria, A. japonicus, Charybdis bimaculata, Diogenes edwardsii, Octopus ocellatus, Glossaulax didyma, Rapana venosa, Temnopleurus hardwickii, Asterina pectinifera, Ophiothrix marenzelleri. From March to June, the bottom fishery community was mainly concentrated in the southeast area of the Miaodao Archipelago but changed to the southwest area in July and August. There was no apparent regional distribution in the rest of the months. This may be because, in colder March and April, the warmer seawater brought by the Yellow Sea Warm Current provided a more suitable living environment for the bottom fishery communities, which resulted in more communities gathering in the north Yellow Sea area southeast of the Miaodao Archipelago. In May and June, many migratory marine organisms migrated from the North Yellow Sea to the Bohai Strait, possibly resulting in high biodiversity in the southeast area of the Archipelago during this period. Many migratory organisms had arrived in the Laizhou Bay by July and August. With the increase of phytoplankton along the coast of the Laizhou Bay during summer, many consumer communities are attracted. In addition, the annual water and sediment transfer from the Yellow River in June-July may result in the introduction of large flows of fresh water and nutrients into the waters southwest of the Miaodao Archipelago, resulting in higher summer biomass in this region. The summer and autumn months showed higher biodiversity, while winter showed a single feature with higher abundance and biomass. There was a significant negative correlation between biomass and abundance of P. argentata and A. japonicus. The A. japonicus biomass and abundance may depend on the abundance of its predator, P. argentata. Other species with significant positive correlations may be jointly affected by environmental factors such as temperature. The main taxa and environmental factors RDA showed that water depth and temperature were the main environmental factors affecting the bottom fishery community structure, among which echinoderms and Terebratella coreanica were found in higher amounts. A. japonicus and temperature negatively correlated, while most other species positively correlated with temperature. The ABC curves indicated that the bottom fishery community structure was disturbed to a high degree as a whole, with only some seasons showing moderate disturbance, such as May and June 2021. Since implementing the summer fishing ban in May, the bottom fishery community structure disturbance level in the Miaodao Archipelago has decreased. The off-fishing season effectively protects the young fish of fishery species and dramatically reduces the fishing of other by-catch species, effectively recovering the fishery resources. In addition, from April to May every year, many migratory species began to migrate to the Bohai Sea through the Miaodao Archipelago, providing conditions for the increase of fishery species in this area. However, due to the large area of artificial breeding in the Miaodao Archipelago and the influence of ships navigating between the islands, the sea area experiences a significant degree of disturbance and is in an unstable state. This study provides a scientific foundation for biodiversity protection in the Miaodao Archipelago, exploring the intrinsic, environmental, and human factors affecting typical island biodiversity. However, the formation and evolution mechanisms of biological diversity in typical archipelago ecosystem still need to be explored in long-term and in-depth studies. |
| Key words: Miaodao Archipelago Biodiversity Dominant species Benthic fishery resources |
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